Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Hamid Reza Nassery
Volume 11, Issue 4 , March 2025
Abstract
The excessive exploitation of the country's groundwater showed its impact with a 68.8 billion cubic meters deficit in the reservoir by the end of the water year 2004-2005. In 2005, the Ministry of Energy, by defining a "balancing, artificial recharge, and flood distribution plan", began its plans to ...
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The excessive exploitation of the country's groundwater showed its impact with a 68.8 billion cubic meters deficit in the reservoir by the end of the water year 2004-2005. In 2005, the Ministry of Energy, by defining a "balancing, artificial recharge, and flood distribution plan", began its plans to find solutions to control the decline and deficit in the aquifer reservoir. According to this plan, groundwater resources in the country's study areas were supposed to be balanced over a 20-year plan (four five-year periods), but due to various reasons such as the long-term drought in the country since 2008, the approval and implementation of non-expert plans, such as the law on determining the status of water wells without an exploitation license in 2009, the drilling of unauthorized wells by operators, the lack of necessary planning in implementing the balancing plan, social problems and dimensions, legal loopholes in the implementation of the plan, and the lack of allocation of necessary funds, the aforementioned plan did not make much progress and did not produce desirable results until 2013. These problems caused the reservoir deficit to reach more than 124 billion cubic meters at the end of the 2014-2015 water year. In 2013, with the reactivation of the Supreme Water Council, a plan entitled "The National Groundwater Restoration and Balancing Plan" was defined and announced, including 15 projects. This plan has not made much progress so far, as 424 of the 609 study areas in the country have been banned or critically banned (Iranian Water Resources Management Company, 2013). It is worth noting that groundwater resources provide about 57 percent of the country's urban drinking water needs, about 83 percent of the rural drinking water needs, and about 52 percent of the country's agricultural water (Islamic Parliament Research Center, 2013).
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Reza Sarafrazi
Volume 11, Issue 4 , March 2025
Abstract
It seems that the water authority and ruler, who is responsible for verifying statistics and information and the correct balance of the country's water and should take action to establish a quantitative and qualitative monitoring system for water delivered to farms and determine the volume and quality ...
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It seems that the water authority and ruler, who is responsible for verifying statistics and information and the correct balance of the country's water and should take action to establish a quantitative and qualitative monitoring system for water delivered to farms and determine the volume and quality of water delivered to users by installing appropriate smart meters, volumetric water delivery, and accurate tools, is more concerned with economics and exercising power through water allocation tools. The information provided has many fundamental ambiguities, which are essential for implementing future programs, including volumetric water delivery to users, as well as developing and implementing an optimal cultivation model. It is necessary to resolve these ambiguities and seek greater alignment and interaction.
Surface and Groundwater Resources
Maryam Rezaei
Abstract
Evapotranspiration estimation is one of the most important water balance components and involves various complexities. In general, energy balance models are divided into two categories: single-source and two-source models. Choosing a model to estimate ET from among the existing energy balance models ...
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Evapotranspiration estimation is one of the most important water balance components and involves various complexities. In general, energy balance models are divided into two categories: single-source and two-source models. Choosing a model to estimate ET from among the existing energy balance models is challenging because each model has strengths and limitations. The goal of the present research is to introduce and compare several evapotranspiration estimation methods, including Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model, Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model, Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model, Simpled Surface Energy Balance Index (S-SEBI) model, Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model— Two- Source (soil + canopy) (TSM) model and Two-Source Time Integrated (TSTIM) model. Some advantages of the single-source energy balance model S_SEBI include the following: It is possible to implement it using only images without the need for weather data. Therefore, if the number of meteorological stations in the area is low, this method can be utilized. No need for a land use map. One disadvantage of this model is that it can only be used in cases where atmospheric conditions across the entire image are constant. Due to the simplicity and lower complexity of the structure and assumptions of the SSEBop model, it has increased operational capability for calculating actual evapotranspiration over large areas. However, it is not recommended for regions with heterogeneous vegetation cover, mountainous areas, high albedo regions, or high levels of radiation, and in such areas, the TSEB algorithm is recommended. Due to some errors and uncertainties in these surface energy balance models, extensive studies are required to overcome these limitations.
Surface and Groundwater Resources
Hossein Mohammadzadeh; Mohammad Gholamkar aliabadi; Jafar Hashemi
Abstract
Investigating aquifers and determining the alluvial and karst aquifers interaction, especially in the border areas of the country, is very important. With geoelectrical methods (Vertical Electrical Sounding -VES), it is possible to determine the subsurface geological layering, aquifer layers, the depth ...
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Investigating aquifers and determining the alluvial and karst aquifers interaction, especially in the border areas of the country, is very important. With geoelectrical methods (Vertical Electrical Sounding -VES), it is possible to determine the subsurface geological layering, aquifer layers, the depth to bedrock and the apparent resistivity (ρa) of the geological layers. In this paper, by performing 40 VES in the northern plain of Darghz Allah Akbar Heights (DAH), calculating the ρa of the layers and interpreting the geoelectrical sections, the aquifers up to the depth of 350 meters and the relationship between alluvial and Tirgan karstic aquifer (TKA) have been investigated. The results show the presence of alluvial aquifers up to 20 meters depth in the south, east and west of Chapeshlo, north and northwest of Daghdar and west of Dargaz industrial town, as well as the presence of deep karstic aquifers in the southeast of Chapeshlo, northeast of Sugandi, north of Gandab, and west of Daghdar. The changes in ρa and the depth to bedrock show that there is not much relationship between the alluvial and TKA. Considering the absence of highly discharged springs around DAH and the low thickness of the alluvial aquifer, it can be concluded that most groundwater of the TKA, except in limited places at the foot of the DAH (Cheholmir and Cherlaq areas) has little effect on feeding of alluvial aquifer of Daragaz southern plain, and due to the barrier function of the deeper fine-grained layers, the groundwater flow paths are towards the depths or Dorbadam and Shamkhal valleys.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Amir Mohammad Danesh; Abolfazl Mosaedi; Alireza Farid Hoseini; Ali Ghiami Bajgirani
Abstract
Flood is one of the natural events that in recent decades, due to the expansion of urbanization and land use changes, causes many financial and human losses in different regions of the world, annually. Therefore, flood management in cities by low-impact development methods has become crucial. The current ...
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Flood is one of the natural events that in recent decades, due to the expansion of urbanization and land use changes, causes many financial and human losses in different regions of the world, annually. Therefore, flood management in cities by low-impact development methods has become crucial. The current research compares the performance of the approaches of rain gardens, storage units, and bio-retention cells to directing surface runoff to green spaces using the SWMM model for the Chahar-Cheshme River basin of Mashhad city. Due to the lack of a hydrometric station in the city, precipitation and peak flow in the channel were measured for 20 rainfall events from April 2023 to May 2024. The evaluation index including RMSE, NS, and KGE shows the appropriate performance of the model for peak flow estimation. The sensitivity analysis of the model showed that impervious area, width, and impervious area’s roughness coefficient are the most effective parameters to the peak flood discharge, respectively. In terms of reducing the peak discharge and volume of the flood, bio-retention cells, runoff directing to green space, and rain gardens had the best performance, respectively. However, the bio-retention cells had the best performance, but considering operational and maintenance costs, and other conditions, modifying green spaces to direct surface runoff to these spaces is a better and more logical choice for flood management in the study area.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
A. Alian; Masoome Taheri Dehkordi
Abstract
The formation of human communities in the central plateau of Iran due to the ruling system based on the characteristics of geography and arid and semi-arid climate is highly dependent on surface and groundwater resources. The Qanat is a sustainable system for supplying drinking water and irrigation according ...
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The formation of human communities in the central plateau of Iran due to the ruling system based on the characteristics of geography and arid and semi-arid climate is highly dependent on surface and groundwater resources. The Qanat is a sustainable system for supplying drinking water and irrigation according to the geographical conditions of each region; it is engineered to access groundwater resources in harmony with the environment and climate of a region. The Kahrom Qanat is one of the survivors of this ruling system in the Central Plateau from the Safavid period, which is an example of the development of sustainable architecture, native technology in the Central Plateau, and the focus of water management on sustainable, safe, and cost-effective management methods. This Qanat, in terms of its architectural type, is a continuation of Iran's Dastkand architecture and is made of marble. The research method is descriptive-analytical and collects field and library information. The findings of the research show that the geographical and topographic features of the region are the main factors in choosing the type of architecture of this Qanat. The purpose of this research is to analyze the physical structure and introduce the type of architectural index of the Kahrom Qanat and the optimal use of the potential of this Qanat in directing groundwater, which shows the presentation of an important architectural strategy in economic well-being in order to improve the quality of life. The results indicate that the Kahrom Qanat, in terms of architecture and functionality, is compatible with the indigenous technology and geographical conditions of the region, topography, land slope, and geological characteristics.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Susan Tahmasebi; Mohammad Javad Zahedi Mazandarani; Sadegh Salehi
Abstract
To convince people of the existence of problematic environmental conditions, those conditions should be classified and a framework should be built to solve them. Framing is one of the paradigm approaches of social constructionism and includes a set of categories that are created by claimants to define ...
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To convince people of the existence of problematic environmental conditions, those conditions should be classified and a framework should be built to solve them. Framing is one of the paradigm approaches of social constructionism and includes a set of categories that are created by claimants to define a problem and its solutions. The key factor for the success of the framework is the concept of resonance. One of the important environmental issues in Giulan province is the problem of high sediments in the Anzali lagoon. Different frameworks were presented by the claimants to solve this problem. Among them, there is a plan for mechanical descaling by dredging and a plan for desalination with chemicals called the Biogeme project. The present research examines the degree of coordination of these frameworks with the target society. The qualitative method of thematic analysis has been used for the research. The research data is the result of in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 environmental activists who are aware of the Anzali lagoon desalination projects. The results showed that the biogeme project was not approved by the stakeholders in the region for reasons such as ambiguity in it and lack of alignment with the interests of the people and policymakers, which led to its halting in the initial stages of implementation. The anti-biodredging movement and the belief in mechanical dredging gained more acceptance among the audience due to its alignment with the interests of the stakeholders and the emphasis on sustainable sedimentation methods.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Zohreh Abbasnia; Shadi Abbasnia; Mahdi Pahlevani; Masoud Rouhbakhsh; Maryam Ghasemzadeh; Saeid Amel Jamehdar
Abstract
One of the important problems in the field of water and wastewater treatment is the investigation of microbial air pollution and the release of suspended particles due to wastewater treatment. Harmful microorganisms in wastewater include different types of bacteria, fungi, etc. For this purpose, two ...
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One of the important problems in the field of water and wastewater treatment is the investigation of microbial air pollution and the release of suspended particles due to wastewater treatment. Harmful microorganisms in wastewater include different types of bacteria, fungi, etc. For this purpose, two wastewater treatment plants, Khin-Arab and Parkand-Abad, which use deep and surface aeration processes, were studied. Sampling was conducted seasonally with a minimum distance of one meter from barriers, and at a height of 1.5 meters above ground level at both wastewaters. Nutrient agar, McConkey agar and Subrodextrose agar were used for environmental sampling, total number of samples was 400. Then intercropping was done to identify bacteria and fungi species. Analysis of results was carried out using SPSSMODELER18 and RAWGraphs software. Mean values for the density of bacteria were reported 26.98 CFU/plate at Khin-Arab and 26.11 CFU/plate at Parkand-Abad. Mean values for the density of fungi were reported as 4.71 CFU/plate at the Khin-Arab treatment plant and 4.40 CFU/plate at Parkand-Abad. Bacterial pollution, except during the spring, was higher at Khin-Arab compared to Parkand-Abad. The process of fungal pollution trend was similar between the two treatment plants, with no statistically significant difference observed. The two treatment plants have behaved almost the same in terms of the amount of pollution in the total sampling seasons, which can be influenced by various factors such as the larger size of the Khin-Arab treatment plant, more polluted units in the Khin-Arab treatment plant, and the difference in aeration systems.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Ali Reza Radkhah; Soheil Eagderi; Sedigheh Atash Afrazah
Abstract
Today, the removal of heavy metals from industrial and urban wastewater is considered as one of the serious issues and challenges facing humanity. The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the efficiency of different adsorbents in removing heavy metals from municipal wastewater. ...
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Today, the removal of heavy metals from industrial and urban wastewater is considered as one of the serious issues and challenges facing humanity. The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the efficiency of different adsorbents in removing heavy metals from municipal wastewater. In this study, various adsorbents such as natural adsorbents such as forest adsorbents, and wood waste, agricultural waste, fruit and vegetable peels, coal, and biochar were discussed. In addition, the role and application of nanoabsorbents, nanocomposites and carbon nanotubes in urban wastewater treatment were studied. The literature review showed that bioabsorbents are more beneficial for removing heavy metals from urban wastewater due to being economical and environmentally friendly. Natural materials that are usually used as adsorbents have different capacities to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Among the natural adsorbents, the use of agricultural residues, biochars and coal-based adsorbents has received more attention. However, most of the research has been done on a laboratory scale. According to the obtained information, nanoabsorbents can also remove toxic metals from municipal wastewater. Studies showed that the most widely used nanomaterials as adsorbents for removing heavy metals include graphene, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, activated carbon, manganese oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, and carbon nanotubes. Despite the key role of nanomaterials in the removal of heavy metals, considering that these materials are still not cheap compared to traditional materials (such as activated carbon), the use of bioadsorbents can be effective in urban wastewater treatment.
Irrigation and Agriculture
Maryam Valipour; Hassan Heidari; Sohbat Bahraminejad
Abstract
Lack of water limits the production of crops. In order to evaluate water and economic indicators and soil characteristics of pea under plasticulture and planting bed, a factorial experiment was conducted at Razi University in 2019 and 2020 crop years. The studied factors included plasticulture (without ...
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Lack of water limits the production of crops. In order to evaluate water and economic indicators and soil characteristics of pea under plasticulture and planting bed, a factorial experiment was conducted at Razi University in 2019 and 2020 crop years. The studied factors included plasticulture (without nylon, nylon on the plant and nylon on the soil) and the method of planting in the bed (flat, half-meter furrow, and one-meter furrow). The results showed that the plots with plastic mulch on the soil with a half-meter furrow had the highest soil moisture due to the retention of soil water in most growth stages. According to the two indicators of net profit per unit of water consumed and net income of pea in two years, the nylon treatment along with ridge and furrow, especially treatment of nylon on soil and half-meter furrow, has increased these two indicators, so this treatment can be recommended to increase the farmer's income and preserve soil water resources. It is recommended to use permanent ridge and furrow to reduce costs in future research.
Water Management and Economy
Ehsan Bahmani; Ali Asghar Mirakzadeh; Shahpar Geravandi; Faranak Karamiyan
Abstract
An integrated perspective between the three sources of water, energy, and food is necessary for agricultural management and policies adapted to climate change in order to prevent anomalies and promote sustainable development. The goal of this study was to examine how Dehloran county's four summer agricultural ...
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An integrated perspective between the three sources of water, energy, and food is necessary for agricultural management and policies adapted to climate change in order to prevent anomalies and promote sustainable development. The goal of this study was to examine how Dehloran county's four summer agricultural products—watermelon, sesame, mung, and maize—are produced in relation to the water-energy-food nexus. Farmers were given a questionnaire to complete in order to obtain the necessary data. The questions focused on water and energy consumption, physical and economic energy efficiency, and, lastly, the water-energy-food correlation index (WEFNI) for each product. The findings indicated that the production of summer crops in Dehloran City uses 1167.14 m3.ha-1 of water; watermelon (7641 m3.ha-1) and sesame (994 m3.ha-1) had the highest and lowest respective water consumption. The total energy used in product cultivation was 205093 MJ.ha-1. Maize (103558.85 MJ.ha-1) and sesame (17306.73 MJ.ha-1) had the highest and lowest input energy consumption, respectively. Additionally, the two energy-intensive industries in the agriculture sector are electricity and chemical fertilizers. According to the data, sesame had the highest economic productivity of water (297000Rls.m-3) and energy (17050Rls.MJ-1), while watermelon had the highest physical productivity (6.67 Kg.m-3) and energy (0.90 Kg.MJ-1). The most sustainable product in terms of resource consumption was watermelon (WEFNI = 0.71), while the least stable product was mung beans (WEFNI = 0.035), according to correlation index values. The outcomes of this study can support the region's agricultural industry's sustainable growth by implementing appropriate resource management practices and cultivation patterns.
Water Management and Economy
Fatemeh Ghasemzadeh; Reza Movahedi; Mohsen Tavakoli
Abstract
In recent years, our country has witnessed the occurrence of natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes, and severe droughts in most parts. Ilam county has witnessed floods almost every year in the past, so in some years, severe floods have destroyed agricultural lands washed away fertile soils ...
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In recent years, our country has witnessed the occurrence of natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes, and severe droughts in most parts. Ilam county has witnessed floods almost every year in the past, so in some years, severe floods have destroyed agricultural lands washed away fertile soils and caused irreparable damage to the agricultural lands of this county. This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting flood management in agricultural lands of Ilam county. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The statistical population of this study includes experts from Ilam province and county (152 people) and farmers of Ilam county (140 people) who were in the process and were exposed to flood damage. The statistical sample included 103 farmers and 108 experts through Cochran's formula. The collected data were analyzed using two software SPSS, and PLS software. According to the results obtained from gabion construction, dam construction for flood control, improvement of the capacities of existing structures (dams, embankments, etc.), information dissemination about flood management, preparation and formulation of flood management programs by officials, training farmers on necessary actions after a flood, determining the land areas required for implementing flood control projects, and examining the vulnerability of agricultural lands due to floods are among the priorities for flood management among farmers. There is a significant relationship between technical-structural, educational- extension, and economic-social factors and flood management; therefore, flood management depends on technical-structural, socio-economic, and educational-extension factors, and necessary actions must be taken in all three areas to control floods. Of course, according to beta coefficients, the share of technical-structural factors is greater than that of other factors..
Water Management and Economy
Seyed Abbas Ebrahimi
Abstract
The implementation of a water market scheme in Semnan province, as a novel approach to water resource management, has provided unique opportunities to enhance efficiency and create balance in water resource utilization. However, despite the short time since its launch, the scheme has not garnered significant ...
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The implementation of a water market scheme in Semnan province, as a novel approach to water resource management, has provided unique opportunities to enhance efficiency and create balance in water resource utilization. However, despite the short time since its launch, the scheme has not garnered significant adoption. This research, employing a phenomenological approach, delves into the lived experiences of key stakeholders in Semnan province to gain a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities within the water market. A phenomenological analysis of data obtained from in-depth interviews with 24 key stakeholders led to the identification of 764 initial codes and semantic units, which were subsequently categorized into 126 primary themes. These primary themes were ultimately grouped into five core themes: motivations and factors influencing the formation and development of the water market, vulnerabilities and obstacles to sustainable water market development, requirements for inclusive water governance in the market era, innovative mechanisms and solutions for improving water market performance, and the consequences and outcomes of the water market. The findings include 29 motivators and drivers for the water market launch, categorized into 5 groups; approximately 23 challenges, obstacles, and vulnerabilities of the Semnan water market; 25 items related to reforming the governance system at the provincial level, encompassing dimensions such as stakeholder participation, capacity, financing, about 15 mechanisms to overcome existing challenges and obstacles; and finally, 19 positive and 15 negative consequences of the water market launch, which are analyzed in the presented model and findings section.
Water Management and Economy
Taraneh Sarami; Reza Movahedi
Abstract
Management of groundwater resources is a necessary condition to achieve governance of water resources. Although governance principles have been developed in various fields, their availability for water resource governance has been neglected so far. Groundwater management is a challenge that is influenced ...
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Management of groundwater resources is a necessary condition to achieve governance of water resources. Although governance principles have been developed in various fields, their availability for water resource governance has been neglected so far. Groundwater management is a challenge that is influenced by various personal, social, environmental, etc. dimensions. Therefore, in this study, the individual and social aspects of the management and governance of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain have been investigated. For this purpose, the indicators of knowledge and awareness, attitude, social capital, and water resources management were used in the governance of water resources of the OECD organization. The statistical population of the research included 254 farmers of the Hamadan-Bahar plain. The method of data collection was done using the field method and questionnaire tool, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS.3 software. The result of the overall model fit based on the GOF criterion was 0.65, which shows the excellent and acceptable fit of the model. The results obtained from the t-test statistic and path coefficients (β) also showed that the constructs of social capital, knowledge and awareness, and attitude, through the mediation of water resource management, have the highest and strongest impact on the governance of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain, with values of 0.64, 0.16, and 0.12, respectively. Therefore, by paying attention to and strengthening the social capital of individuals and local communities through the promotion of social skills, organizational capabilities, participatory empowerment, and increasing community awareness about water issues and management methods, it is possible to achieve a suitable and effective governance cycle.
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
Farbod Papoli Yazdi; Saeed Reza Khodashenas; Mohamad Talati
Abstract
Water and wastewater companies must conduct risk assessments and develop management plans to mitigate risks and enhance resilience. This process involves identifying vulnerable assets, associated threats, and the potential consequences for the company and society. Financially justified countermeasures ...
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Water and wastewater companies must conduct risk assessments and develop management plans to mitigate risks and enhance resilience. This process involves identifying vulnerable assets, associated threats, and the potential consequences for the company and society. Financially justified countermeasures are then proposed to reduce risk and increase resilience. The result of the risk assessment is the development of a risk management plan model. Climate change has significantly impacted water supply systems, particularly in countries like Iran. By monetizing risk impacts, and comparing costs of current risks with those under managed adaptation programs, the operational resilience of a water supply system can be determined. This research examines the current resilience of the JVWCD facility, which serves 220,000 people, using the US Environmental Protection Agency's Climate Resilience Assessment Tool (CREAT). Climate projections for the region were made for 2060 and 2070. Assets and threats were identified, and their financial risks were assessed. Feasible long-term adaptation scenarios were extracted from the CREAT library, and two models, GWM and AIMD-P, were evaluated as adaptation plans until 2060. The evaluations indicated that implementing the GWM model would increase resilience by 68 percent compared to the current situation. If both models are implemented, resilience will increase to 92 percent of the current level, resulting in a financial optimization of 93 million dollars.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Saeed Morid
Volume 11, Issue 4 , March 2025, Pages 183-183
Abstract
In the Seventh Five-Year Plan Law, wastewater has found a special place. This issue is addressed under Article 39 and in different clauses such as clause “B” for water supply to green spaces and “C” for water supply to industries. From the perspective of water resources management, ...
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In the Seventh Five-Year Plan Law, wastewater has found a special place. This issue is addressed under Article 39 and in different clauses such as clause “B” for water supply to green spaces and “C” for water supply to industries. From the perspective of water resources management, wastewater is part of a water system and an abstract view of it can be very damaging. With such a view, in any exploitation of this resource, it is first necessary to answer important questions, such as: 1) What was the previous function of wastewater in this system? 2) If the use of this resource changes, what will be the consequences on the previous function? 3) Does the exploitation of wastewater also lead to an increase in water consumption? And other questions of this type.
Surface and Groundwater Resources
Hadi Karimi miandoab; Seyedeh Mohaddeseh Taheri; Hashem Derakhshan
Volume 11, Issue 4 , March 2025, Pages 184-207
Abstract
Considering the close relationship between hydrological, ecological and socio-economic systems with groundwater reliability, in order to implement policies, laws and management guidelines of reliability concepts in order to reduce the deterioration of water resources and ecosystem, it is necessary to ...
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Considering the close relationship between hydrological, ecological and socio-economic systems with groundwater reliability, in order to implement policies, laws and management guidelines of reliability concepts in order to reduce the deterioration of water resources and ecosystem, it is necessary to explain integrated management in water resources management. If there are no collaborative processes, it will definitely face a serious problem. As a result, a wider gap is created between water activists, scientists and society to define and achieve groundwater reliability. Various aspects of the concept of groundwater reliability are discussed and this concept is explained based on hydrological principles for more collaborative and integrated approaches in order to achieve water security. This research focuses on identifying diverse social values related to groundwater reliability, methodology of aquifer efficiency factors and governance factors. In addition, a systematic review of the main components of scientific assessment affecting sustainable groundwater policy, including multi-process modeling, uncertainty analysis, and participation, is reviewed. The effective implementation of groundwater policies requires an explanation of integrated management and a collaborative process between surface water systems, groundwater, ecosystems and human activities, including uncertainty analysis and adaptive management and local knowledge and social preferences and regional conditions.
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