Ali Bagheri; Banafsheh Zahraee; Azar Zarin
Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2021
Water Management and Economy
Maedeh Oskouhi; K. Esmaili
Abstract
Water governance is a range of social, political, economic and administrative systems that manage and develop water resources and water transfer systems at different levels of society. Therefore, water governance is more about decision-making methods, such as how, by whom and under what conditions these ...
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Water governance is a range of social, political, economic and administrative systems that manage and develop water resources and water transfer systems at different levels of society. Therefore, water governance is more about decision-making methods, such as how, by whom and under what conditions these decisions are made. One of the reasons for the failure of the development path is the lack of a national and indigenous paradigm for governing in accordance with social values and compatible with the cultural and historical conditions of Iran. This study investigates water governance in Iran by using a qualitative meta-analysis and provides a systematic formulation of them. Also using MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, water governance qualitative analysis was performed in Iran. The articles are divided into three categories: what, why, and how, depending on what the topic or question is about water governance. Each researcher has used a different approach to designing their research based on individual point of view, so the totality of the research did not follow a single analytical procedure. Among the researches, the increase and dominance of the researches that have dealt with the questions of what and why water governance, it can be seen that such researches are more in the field of theorizing and do not lead to theorizing and presenting theories. However, a new model for water governance has been presented in a lesser way in researches. Therefore, it is necessary for the people of each country to formulate the method of development and progress of their country according to their conditions.
Water Management and Economy
SOROUR GHODRATI
Abstract
Electricity generation and water consumption are intertwined. With increasing population and increasing economic development, the need for energy increases and as a result, water consumption issues in energy systems will become much more complex. Most power generation technologies require water for cooling, ...
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Electricity generation and water consumption are intertwined. With increasing population and increasing economic development, the need for energy increases and as a result, water consumption issues in energy systems will become much more complex. Most power generation technologies require water for cooling, steam turbines and power plants. The amount of water required for different types of power generation technologies is different. This study examines the amount of water consumed by Iran's combined cycle power plants and identifies the close relationship between the amount of electricity production and the amount of water used to generate electricity and helps to improve the conditions for environmental protection by managing water and energy consumption. In this study, library studies and similar studies in Iran and the world were conducted and the coefficients and methods for calculating the amount of water consumed were extracted. The amount of water consumption of each power plant was obtained by multiplying the amount of electricity generation and WCF related to the dry cooling system and the type of power plant using natural gas fuel. Finally, the data obtained from the calculations were compared with the actual data of the water consumption in the electricity generation process (demin water). Studies showed that the use of international water consumption coefficients estimates very different results compared to real data. Therefore, the use of water consumption coefficients for Iran can not be used.
Water Management and Economy
Mahdi Kolahi
Abstract
Stakeholder analysis is essential in any adaptive comanagement. In the meantime, different words are used to name and separate stakeholders. The main purpose of this article is to clarify the term of stakeholder and their types in good governance of natural resources (water, issues of natural habitats, ...
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Stakeholder analysis is essential in any adaptive comanagement. In the meantime, different words are used to name and separate stakeholders. The main purpose of this article is to clarify the term of stakeholder and their types in good governance of natural resources (water, issues of natural habitats, and environmental problems). By applying a descriptive-analytic method, the paper identifies the semantic difference among the word of stakeholders and those such as beneficiaries and authorities. It then divides the stakeholders into two main categories and 11 groups. The findings of the study indicate that the lack of proper vocabulary, coupled with a misunderstanding or limited understanding of the term of natural resources’ stakeholders, alone is sufficient to defeat plans of or to destroy natural resources. It also argues that nowadays the discussions of stakeholder analysis and stakeholder engagement are important because balancing the dissimilar needs, desires, and expectations by different stakeholders is more important than ever, and of course, it has become more complex. As a result, identifying, analyzing, and engaging stakeholders is the basis of participatory management and sustainable conservation. Finally, there is a need for open policies to attract stakeholder engagement.
Water Management and Economy
A.J. Sadeghpour; Abdol Hadi Motahari; A. Nejatbakhsh Esfahani
Abstract
The increasing acceleration in the formation of complex and dynamic environments and its importance in leading organizations in the present age has made strategic planning to be at the forefront of companies' goals. Strategic management as the art and science of formulating, implementing and controlling ...
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The increasing acceleration in the formation of complex and dynamic environments and its importance in leading organizations in the present age has made strategic planning to be at the forefront of companies' goals. Strategic management as the art and science of formulating, implementing and controlling strategies that enable the organization to achieve its long-term goals. The purpose of this research is study and survey of affecting factors on organizational goals for strategic planning of organizations. The present research is descriptive-survey in terms of data collection and type of research in based on purpose is applied. In the statistical society of 181 experts working in Qom water and wastewater Company, 108 people were selected by random sampling method. The results show that the 6 factors of “operational clarity”, “alignment”, “environmental characteristics”, “alignment with the structure of the organization”, “non-repetition” and “detection of peripheral events” are the main components and determinative of goal setting organization in strategic planning. According to the obtained regression coefficients, the maximum effect is related to “alignment” variable with 0.321 regression coefficients. In other words, The goals of the organization must have a kind of unity and oneness while diversity and plurality. Using the results obtained in the water and wastewater companies of country can act as a guide and facilitator in strategies formulation and implementation.
Water Management and Economy
fatemeh kazemiyeh; asma eidi; shapour zarifian
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the obstacles to sustainable management of agricultural water resources from the perspective of wheat farmers in rural areas of Maragheh city in order to provide appropriate solutions to improve sustainable management of agricultural water resources and reduce ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the obstacles to sustainable management of agricultural water resources from the perspective of wheat farmers in rural areas of Maragheh city in order to provide appropriate solutions to improve sustainable management of agricultural water resources and reduce problems. The statistical population of the study was irrigated wheat farmers in the villages of Maragheh city (N = 240), using Morgan table, the statistical sample size was 149 people. In order to obtain the samples in this study, used a proportional boundary sampling method. The questionnaire was the main research tool that was approved by resource review and the interview by design experts and its content validity. To evaluate its reliability, 30 questionnaires were completed and Cronbach's alpha value was 0.85, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. Using exploratory factor analysis techniques of barriers to sustainable management of agricultural water resources into seven categories of economic barriers, illegal wells and improper operation, improper management, channel characteristics, attitude and lack of technical knowledge, climate and promotion and communication were classified as explaining 67.15% of the total variance changes. The results showed that education and awareness raising, participation of farmers in resource management, financial support to farmers to optimize irrigation methods and the adoption of useful and effective laws by the government to prevent the drilling of illegal wells in The country as well as the study area will lead to better and faster realization of sustainable water resources management.
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
M. Amini; H. Kouhestani; F. Kazemiyeh
Abstract
This research is an applied studies and the research method is descriptive-survey type and in order to achieve the goal, a causal-comparative method was used. The statistical society of this study consisted of experienced experts and specialists in the field of Lake Urmia. The sampling method was snowball. ...
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This research is an applied studies and the research method is descriptive-survey type and in order to achieve the goal, a causal-comparative method was used. The statistical society of this study consisted of experienced experts and specialists in the field of Lake Urmia. The sampling method was snowball. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on and the opinions of professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the degree of reliability and was calculated separately for each of the economic, social and environmental indicators. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. In addition to descriptive statistics, inferential statistics such as comparative tests were used. The results showed that the drying of Lake Urmia has affected the economic, social and environmental situation of the surrounding villages. Also, the results of (AHP) showed that in order to prioritize the economic, social and environmental consequences of the drying of Lake Urmia, the environmental consequence with an average final weight of 7.407 is the most important, the social consequence with an average final weight of 2.623 has secondary importance and economic consequence With an average final weight of 1.393 has third importance. Therefore, in order to prevent the environmental catastrophe and its devastating consequences, it is suggested that urgent measures be taken to save Lake Urmia by government officials, scientific centers and experts using all domestic capacities and international assistance to prevent a recurrence of the environmental catastrophe. The Aral Sea biodiversity in this area of the country should be prevented.
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
Amirreza Mahmoudi; Mohammad Soltani Asl; Bahram Taghizadeh Darban
Abstract
Iran is located in one of the hot and arid regions of the world, the Middle East. The geo-location imposes specific conditions for water and power supply, simultaneously. Water and wastewater treatment facilities are strategic infrastructures that need to be fed with more renewable power. While having ...
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Iran is located in one of the hot and arid regions of the world, the Middle East. The geo-location imposes specific conditions for water and power supply, simultaneously. Water and wastewater treatment facilities are strategic infrastructures that need to be fed with more renewable power. While having a critical look at PPA contract structure and the way governmental policies has held back private sector from investing in power plants for water and wastewater treatment facilities, this article will review the specific processes that benefit from solar power. Ultimately, the power cost that Iran’s National Water and Wastewater Engineering Co. (NWW) pays, the amount it has invested in solar PV power generation, and the economic savings of such measures in the recent year are reported. The results revealed that only 1652 kw of PV panels are installed by urban water and wastewater organizations, which is capable of producing roughly 0.1 percent of the power demand of its facilities. The challenges section boldens two major issues that addressing them will foster organizations such as NWW to invest in PV power plants for their high-consumption facilities. These challenges can be categorized as a) issues with funding renewable energy projects within NWW, and b) lack of knowledge about the matter by individuals within the organization as well as void of or poor training schedules by the system.
Irrigation and Agriculture
Sadegh Partani; A. Mahmoudi Mozafar
Abstract
This research is based on a field study of the role and effluent performance on the growth and maintenance of urban green space in the form of a research by designing experiments and building blocks for two different species as a real pilot, The field of evaluation has provided the possibility of reusing ...
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This research is based on a field study of the role and effluent performance on the growth and maintenance of urban green space in the form of a research by designing experiments and building blocks for two different species as a real pilot, The field of evaluation has provided the possibility of reusing the effluent of Ekbatan treatment plant In this study, with the aim of identifying sustainable water sources in order to maximize recycling and pathology of the potential of using wastewater in Tehran to implement the goals of human ecology of sustainable development, the effect of irrigation with treated effluent on vegetative characteristics (including height, number of branches, etc.) The plant species of fennel Nerium Oleander and Festuca have been studied. The growth and yield of selected plants were evaluated and compared under complete treatment of effluent and well water. For this purpose, this study was conducted in the open space in the form of a multi-observation completely randomized controlled trial (CRD) design with three replications. The results showed that the growth rate of different organs under the influence of treatment conditions is noticeable and observable growth. Nerium Oleander had the greatest effect on the height and diameter of the canopy cover from the effluent treatment, while the effect of the effluent treatment in Festuca, in addition to the height and canopy cover, was also on the leaf length. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of treated wastewater to irrigation of urban green space is possible and leads to more favorable plants growth.
Irrigation and Agriculture
Ali Reshadsedghi; Ramin Nikanfar
Abstract
The use of management strategies to increase the water use efficiency index in agricultural fields is one of the practical options to combat dehydration. Unconventional soils and waters are among the resources that can be used with proper management and full recognition of them. The aim of this study ...
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The use of management strategies to increase the water use efficiency index in agricultural fields is one of the practical options to combat dehydration. Unconventional soils and waters are among the resources that can be used with proper management and full recognition of them. The aim of this study was to introduce the method of planting wheat in furrows 60 cm wide with a linear machine, flooring and furrow irrigation as a suitable alternative to conventional cultivation methods (manual sowing and field irrigation) in saline lands around Lake Urmia. To conduct research, both cultivation and irrigation methods were applied in two plots with saline soil. In each plot, crop yield components, grain yield, irrigating water consumption, water use efficiency, and soil salinity distribution were measured. Results showed that the method of seed planting into irrigation furrow by an in-furrow seed drill and furrow irrigation in saline soils instead of seed broadcasting and flood irrigation has increased seed yield at the rate of 381 kgha-1 and reduced water consumption by about 23% and consequently increased water use efficiency in wheat production by about 33%. So, due to the scarcity of agricultural water in the region and excessive water consumption in the flood irrigation method, wheat cultivation by an in-furrow seed drill and furrow irrigation is recommended especially in saline soils.
Irrigation and Agriculture
R. Pouran; Hosein Raghfar
Abstract
Along with global warming and declining freshwater resources, a new approach to improving the water productivity of agricultural products focuses on the role of virtual water in agricultural products; So that the production pattern based on the goal of maximizing water productivity gradually replaces ...
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Along with global warming and declining freshwater resources, a new approach to improving the water productivity of agricultural products focuses on the role of virtual water in agricultural products; So that the production pattern based on the goal of maximizing water productivity gradually replaces the traditional patterns based on the goal of maximizing production and performance. In this study, using TOPSIS algorithm, the cultivation pattern obtained from optimization with the aim of maximizing the water productivity of selected crops was compared with the common cultivation pattern obtained from the goal of maximizing profits in Semnan and Ilam provinces. The results of reviewing and ranking the crops in the above two cultivation patterns show that in both provinces, the values of crop proximity coefficient in the optimal cultivation pattern are relatively higher than the current cultivation pattern. In other words, under the same conditions (i.e., planting area stable, crop prices and average cost of production), the cultivation pattern obtained from the goal of maximum water productivity in the studied provinces is in a better situation compared to the cultivation pattern obtained from profit maximization.
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
azar zarrin; Abbasali Dadashi-Roudbari
Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 107-112
Abstract
Risk management is the prevention, planning and evaluation to reduce and minimize the potential consequences of crises and it will be achieved through planning. The first step to deal with the drought crisis in different parts of the country and to moderate its effects is to recognize and understand ...
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Risk management is the prevention, planning and evaluation to reduce and minimize the potential consequences of crises and it will be achieved through planning. The first step to deal with the drought crisis in different parts of the country and to moderate its effects is to recognize and understand the reality of drought, especially the interaction of its consequences and multiple causes. The widespread and extremely severe drought of the spring of 2021 in Iran is an indicator of extreme climate events under climate change, highlighting the complex challenges of water supply for competitive use in different regions in times of severe scarcity. There is growing concern about the inefficiency of current drought management practices, which are largely based on crisis management. These methods are reactive and therefore only examine the indicators of drought and ignore the underlying causes of the vulnerabilities associated with its effects. By adopting national drought policies that focus on risk management and by providing programs to mitigate the impacts of drought or preparedness at various levels, the capacity to deal with drought at the national level can be improved. Now is the time to adopt an approach based on which we can emphasize on mitigating the risk of drought. This article discusses the basic concepts of drought, the principles and objectives of drought policies, and the drought planning process that is effective in developing drought mitigation programs.
