M Joleini; M mazroee; a alizadeh
Abstract
Editorial:
Irrigation efficiency (do's and don'ts)
Mohammad Jelini / Member of the editorial board of the magazine
Short notes:
Increasing water productivity is an inevitable necessity
Engineer Mojtaba Mazrouei / Head of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Jihad Organization
Irrigation efficiency, ...
Read More
Editorial:
Irrigation efficiency (do's and don'ts)
Mohammad Jelini / Member of the editorial board of the magazine
Short notes:
Increasing water productivity is an inevitable necessity
Engineer Mojtaba Mazrouei / Head of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Jihad Organization
Irrigation efficiency, water use efficiency and productivity
Dr. Amin Alizadeh / Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Ferdowsi University and Associate Member of the Department of Agricultural Sciences, Academy of Sciences
majid ghannadi
Abstract
Showing an annual growth rate of 9% and with a total investment of USD 88 billion the desalination market was one of the most lucrative markets in the years 2010 to 2016. The accelerated growth of above 60% of the world’s total desalination capacity underlines not only the involvement of the seas ...
Read More
Showing an annual growth rate of 9% and with a total investment of USD 88 billion the desalination market was one of the most lucrative markets in the years 2010 to 2016. The accelerated growth of above 60% of the world’s total desalination capacity underlines not only the involvement of the seas in supplying the potable water for populated seashores but also the gradual drop in the quality of inland waters. The predicted increase in global temperature and the reduced level of rainfalls in the Horizon 2050 vision for the twenty North African and West Asian countries (MENA region) signifies that new water resources in this sensitive area will be rarer and their access costlier, thus forcing the governments towards desalination. On the global scale, 38 percent of the total volume of water produced daily in the world (65.2 MCM) belongs to the MENA region, while the desalination capacity created in the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf exceeds the 10 MCM/day mark. The basic concepts of the different desalination processes are founded upon the use of energy, and any analysis, strategies, and visions for desalination without due consideration for energy policies would be meaningless and incomplete. The most important environmental issue with these installations is the brine, which is categorized as industrial effluent, and its extensive discharge to the gulfs and coral reefs which threaten the marine ecosystem and leads to changes in species. In recent years, through development and improvement of the processes, the cost of desalinating each cubic meter of water has been reduced to half a Dollar, whereas its market price is still between 1 and 2 Dollars. The desalination capacity in Iran is more than 450,000 m3/day; 65% of which is related to the production of drinking water. This amount is less than 2% of the global capacity for desalination.
Ali Reza Nozari Poor; Mitra Ghasem Sharabiani; Parisa Olad Ghaffari
Abstract
The Public-Private partnership in the water and wastewater industry is remarkably important for developing countries. In particular, attention must be paid to fulfill the interests of both private ...
Read More
The Public-Private partnership in the water and wastewater industry is remarkably important for developing countries. In particular, attention must be paid to fulfill the interests of both private and public sectors, this must also be reflected in the contracts. Although, increasing the efficiency and improving the quality of services is one of the important reasons for cooperation with the private sector, improving financial flows and increasing investment is the most important reason for these types of cooperation agreements. Public-private partnership in the water and wastewater industry is being designed and implemented in different parts of the world and various results have been achieved. Reviewing the implementation models of this type of partnership in different countries and analyzing their strengths and weaknesses can be important in designing a suitable model for Iran. In this research, public-private partnership models in some developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are reviewed by the survey method and appropriate recommendations are proposed for the public-private partnership in Iran.
mohamad davoodabadi
Abstract
Applying the best practices of other institutions and countries leads to a deeper management outlook. Compared with other goods, the pricing of water, which depends on the nature and the special conditions governing the sector, is more sensitive. This has led to various countries opting for different ...
Read More
Applying the best practices of other institutions and countries leads to a deeper management outlook. Compared with other goods, the pricing of water, which depends on the nature and the special conditions governing the sector, is more sensitive. This has led to various countries opting for different methods for setting water tariffs. Given the importance of the different methods of water pricing and their economic and financial consequences and since to date no research has been undertaken on the subject in this country, this research has tried to analyze and study the economic and financial impacts of water and wastewater pricing in Japan compared to Iran. The data in this article is extracted from translating and summarizing reports published by the Japan Water Association, field visits to several Japanese companies, and the accumulative reports of the Iranian water and wastewater industry during the time of 2012–2015. Time series, cross section analysis, and comparative studies are applied to analyze the economic and financial parameters of the Japanese and Iranian water and wastewater industry. The results indicate that the strength of the Japanese water and wastewater industry has a very high cash flow, low risks, creation of economic value-added, profitability, high efficiency, etc. due to an economic approach in pricing versus the average cost pricing approach taken in Iran.
Maryam Esghaei; Amirhossein khodayari
Abstract
Groundwater and aquifers are the major sources of drinking water in Iran. Water pollution prevention plays a key role in the public health. They have the potential to become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms from wastewater and leaking sewage pipes. The transport of viruses in absorbent media ...
Read More
Groundwater and aquifers are the major sources of drinking water in Iran. Water pollution prevention plays a key role in the public health. They have the potential to become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms from wastewater and leaking sewage pipes. The transport of viruses in absorbent media as a filter has been a subject of great interest in recent years. We studied the transport of rotavirus, used as surrogate pathogenic viruses, through the clay mixed with three various alkaline solutions; Sodium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide. TCID50 method (50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose) was used for Virus titration the electrical conductivity and pH parameters were also investigated. The experimental data were fitted with a transport model to determine the adsorption parameters. Using soil filters at a given time and under certain chemical conditions significantly reduced titration of viruses. At alkaline pH and higher ionic strength, rotavirus was retained significantly by attachment to the solid–water interfaces due to electrostatic interactions. A high initial removal can be ascribed to Calcareous clay column. To conclude, pH and ionic strength seem to be the major factors determining attachment of the virus to the soil grains. It is recommended to use Calcareous clay column to improve wells for reducing pathogenic viruses in water.
Masoumeh Salehi; Farhad Dehghany; Nader gholi Ebrahimi
Abstract
Human activities caused global warming and climate change and threaten agricultural production. The decline in water quality and quantity are the main constraints to food security, occupation, as well as the cause for social problems. Biosaline agriculture is one of the methods for agricultural production ...
Read More
Human activities caused global warming and climate change and threaten agricultural production. The decline in water quality and quantity are the main constraints to food security, occupation, as well as the cause for social problems. Biosaline agriculture is one of the methods for agricultural production using saline soil and water. One of the chains of Biosaline agriculture is plant production with saline water. In this method of agriculture halophytes cultivation under a saline condition with optimum irrigation and soil management is considered. For the development of halophyte plants, seed production is the main input. Amongst halophyte species, Salicornia is considered for the development of the coastal area in the north and south of Iran. This is because of its extractable oil and high seed production using sea water. The objective of this paper is the orientation of experts for seed production, agronomic requirements, and the growth stages requirements of two Salicornia species. Salicornia bigelovii and S. persica produced 1.9 and 1.5 ton ha-1 of seeds, respectively in Yazd, Iran. To achieve the maximum yield, the sowing date is very important because of the photoperiod sensitivity during the flowering stage. Irrigation and fertilizer requirement supply are also important during this sensitive growing stage.
shahram esmailzadeh; kazem esmaili
Abstract
In erodible channels, a series of hydrodynamic forces are applied on the sediments in the waterways. With the increasing flow rate, the hydrodynamic forces also increase gradually. If hydrodynamic forces go beyond the critical value, the sediment particles begin to move. The onset of the sediment movement ...
Read More
In erodible channels, a series of hydrodynamic forces are applied on the sediments in the waterways. With the increasing flow rate, the hydrodynamic forces also increase gradually. If hydrodynamic forces go beyond the critical value, the sediment particles begin to move. The onset of the sediment movement is commonly called "Incipient Motion", and the circumstances in which the particles move is referred to as the "Threshold or Critical Condition". The Shields Diagram seems to be the starting point for all research done in the field of sediment transport. Although some efforts were made before the Shields approach, they were mostly based on empirical formulae and did not have much use in practical applications. Many studies were conducted by Shields and the resulting diagram provided by Shields was used widely in practical issues. In spite of the widespread application of Shields Diagram, some studies indicate limitations on its use. One of the problems in the Shields Diagram is that shear stress and shear velocity are considered as independent variables, while these two variables are dependent. Moreover, it does not explicitly specified which method is used to determine the critical shear stress. The effect of the bed slope on the incipient motion is still not clear and researchers have achieved quite different results in this regard.
Afsaneh Alinejadian Bidabadi; Mohammad Salakhpoor; Abbas Maleki
Abstract
Today, the critical role of underground drain pipes and discharges of farms is very clear. To design and perform such underground constructions, experimental findings must be considered with a more specialized view. Also, using scientific information in various fields, especially in the field of soil ...
Read More
Today, the critical role of underground drain pipes and discharges of farms is very clear. To design and perform such underground constructions, experimental findings must be considered with a more specialized view. Also, using scientific information in various fields, especially in the field of soil physic, so that in critical conditions the decision making process can be faster and more robust. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to evaluate the various installation methods of underground collector pipes on the top, under water table, and in the most critical condition of operation in saturated sand lenses; such that to stabilize the collector pipes within clay soil, rubble and lime were used at the depth of 60 to 90 cm below the pipes. In sand lens soil under saturated conditions, underground drilling was conducted to above the water surface. Then, drilling was carried out to the depth of project piping using spontaneous underground water pumping. In order to stabilize the side walls, Tunan, lime, and cement were used. Finally, a suitable seat in dimensions of 200×75 cm was provided for collector pipes in which the lower 60 cm and upper 15 cm were made of a mixture of Hoffmann plus cement, and concrete, respectively. In this study, due to the experience in the field of collector piping in different conditions, the simplest method with the lower cost was the clay soil, and the most difficult method reported for clay saturated sand lens soil. It is suggested that all of the soil stability conditions in the mentioned critical condition should be considered.
ammar habibi kandbon; Milad Dosti; Amir Hoseein Molaghadimi
Abstract
At the present one of the most important factors in increasing the efficiency of the distribution network and farmers' satisfaction is the optimum performance of the intake structures. Thus, for an equitable distribution all over the network, information must be obtained on the normal operation of these ...
Read More
At the present one of the most important factors in increasing the efficiency of the distribution network and farmers' satisfaction is the optimum performance of the intake structures. Thus, for an equitable distribution all over the network, information must be obtained on the normal operation of these structures and in the event of a problem action must be taken to resolve it. The main problem is the failure to supply water to the farmers located in the downstream of the network. While in some parts of the network, channels operate at their greatest capacity. In this research we have attempted to identify the reason why water was not able to reach the lower parts of the network as well as to evaluate the water distribution of each intake. Therefore the operation of a part of the Neyrpic-Modules of the Langrood canal was evaluated. The results showed that a number of the water intakes struggled to provide the necessary water needed in the downstream areas. There is no existing equity distribution in the network coverage areas. It was also found that because of malfunctioning intakes a large amount of water was lost. The loss of water through the intakes is the main reason for the lack of water reaching the farmers downstream of the network. The reason for this loss depends on many factors. The most important factors include: the Neyrpic intake fatigue, malfunctioning of regulating structures, channel erosion, and the lack of a program for the operation of the network by the authorities.
Ghasem Panahi; Saeidreza Khodashenas; Alireza Faridhoseini
Abstract
Rivers have a significant impact on human life as its pollution and harming leads to the degradation of the aquatic ecosystem and eventually will cause irreparable and irreversible damage. In order to protect the stability of ecosystems in the rivers, a criterion named “environmental stream” ...
Read More
Rivers have a significant impact on human life as its pollution and harming leads to the degradation of the aquatic ecosystem and eventually will cause irreparable and irreversible damage. In order to protect the stability of ecosystems in the rivers, a criterion named “environmental stream” or “environmental water requirement” is defined for the rivers which actually expresses how much current is required to maintain an aquatic ecosystem. Several methods are available for estimating this flow, however, the International Institute of Water Management Resources has classified these methods into five groups. These consist of Hydrological Methods, Hydraulic Methods, Habitat Simulation Methods, Comprehensive Methods and Combinational Methods. The purpose of this study is introduction and comparison of these methods and choosing the best methods for different regions of Iran and application of the most appropriate ones in each area.
Abdolreza Zahiri; Salim Asghari; AmirAhmad Dehghani
Abstract
The hydrological flood routing methods have many applications due to their simplicity and accuracy. Amongst these methods, the Muskingum routing model is more commonly used for river flood routing. In this model, it is assumed that the coefficients and parameters are spatially and temporally constant ...
Read More
The hydrological flood routing methods have many applications due to their simplicity and accuracy. Amongst these methods, the Muskingum routing model is more commonly used for river flood routing. In this model, it is assumed that the coefficients and parameters are spatially and temporally constant for a specific river. In this study, it has been shown that to increase the accuracy of traditional or single-reach Muskingum model results, a river may be split to several reaches and for each reach, the Muskingum procedure can be implemented separately. In this case, the multiple-reach Muskingum parameters will be obtained. The optimum number of reaches for a river are different and is probably dependent on the geometrical and bed slope changes through the river and should be obtained by optimization. By implementing the multiple-reach Muskingum model for the Karoun river, between Karoun and Gotvand hydrometric stations, it was shown that in this river the three-reach Muskingum model has considerably more accuracy than the single-reach method which causes the sum of squared error to decrease from 1750000 to nearly 1000000 (m3/s)2.
Fatemeh Falah; Mania Daneshfar; samira ghorbaninejad
Abstract
Both the population growth and the growing trend of industrialization have increased water demand in various fields. Therefore, nowadays groundwater resources are one of the most valuable water supply resources. This study aims at mapping the potential areas for groundwater resources in Khorramabad, ...
Read More
Both the population growth and the growing trend of industrialization have increased water demand in various fields. Therefore, nowadays groundwater resources are one of the most valuable water supply resources. This study aims at mapping the potential areas for groundwater resources in Khorramabad, Lorestan using the statistical index (SI) method. To achieve this, first the existed 212 wells with a yield greater than 11 L/s were randomly divided into two groups of training (70%) and validation (30%) wells. Afterward, the digital layers of the influencing groundwater potential factors (altitude, slope angle, slope aspect, plane curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), land use, soil, geology, distance from rivers, drainage density, fault distance and fault density) were generated using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Then, the groundwater potential map of the study area was produced using the statistical index method in four potential zones namely low, moderate, high, and very high classes. Finally, assessment of the accuracy of the generated map was performed using the ROC curve (AUC) method. The Result showed the accuracy of the generated groundwater susceptibility map for the study area is 82%, which indicates the high accuracy of this method in the mapping of groundwater potential zones in the study area.
Iman Karimirad; Mosa Hesam; Ali Bahrami samani; Abdolmajid Ezadpanah; Nafiseh Moghadasi
Abstract
Aquifer overexploitation can cause problems such as salt water intrusion and land subsidence. This condition drives the necessity for the optimal management of aquifers which requires an understanding of aquifer hydrodynamics. In this regard radioisotope dating is one of the useful methods. This paper ...
Read More
Aquifer overexploitation can cause problems such as salt water intrusion and land subsidence. This condition drives the necessity for the optimal management of aquifers which requires an understanding of aquifer hydrodynamics. In this regard radioisotope dating is one of the useful methods. This paper presents a practical method to determine the age of groundwater using tritium radioisotope. The tritium dating of groundwater includes sampling, initial distillation, enrichment, secondary distillation, measurement of tritium radioactivity, calculation of device parameters, and age of the samples. The electrolytic enrichment method and radioactivity measurement using LSC, which is introduced in this paper, make it possible to measure tritium below 1 TU that means dating water up to 50 years and can overcome the problem of tritium concentration decline in the atmosphere to some extent. The results of a study performed using this method during spring 2012, with interior facilities of the country, showed that the age of the samples were divided into two groups of 5 to 10 years and the mixture of modern recharge and recharged before 1952. Therefore the young parts of aquifer are influenced more readily by qualitative and quantitative climatic and factors. On the contrary, territories with older water reserves are less affected by these changes and have a higher degree of reliability. In the allocation of such resources only the renewable volume should be considered. To achieve this objective imposition of restrictive policies of exploitation seem to be necessary in aquifer management plans.
Babak Khaiatrostami; akbar safarzadeh; Siamak Khaiatrostami
Abstract
Modern dam construction developed rapidly after the industrial revolution and the manufacturing of the heavy construction machinery,. The benefits of this industry, such as flood control, agricultural and tourism developments, hydropower generation and drinking water supply, shaded its negative impacts. ...
Read More
Modern dam construction developed rapidly after the industrial revolution and the manufacturing of the heavy construction machinery,. The benefits of this industry, such as flood control, agricultural and tourism developments, hydropower generation and drinking water supply, shaded its negative impacts. Dam removal in the developed countries, which have passed the rapid dam construction period, is an outcome of the sustainable development approach. Nowadays negative impacts of rapid dam construction projects are taking place gradually in our country. For the first time in Iran, this paper reviews the history, reasons and literature on dam removal and investigates its relation with the water management paradigms. After introducing the key indicators and decision-making models, the dam removal process has been explained and recent dam removal trends in the United States is presented. Finally, one of the applicability cases in Iran has been investigated in a brief comparative study.
Ali Motamedi; Daruosh Baharlooee Bardshahi
Abstract
In the past decades, we have seen drought in several different countries of the world: in developed, developing, and poor countries. Drought is a natural disaster, however, its impact on people and the environment is disastrous. The prediction of the onset, severity, duration, and the end of this phenomenon, ...
Read More
In the past decades, we have seen drought in several different countries of the world: in developed, developing, and poor countries. Drought is a natural disaster, however, its impact on people and the environment is disastrous. The prediction of the onset, severity, duration, and the end of this phenomenon, is very difficult. Damages caused by drought include economic (decreased production of crops and livestock), environmental (reducing the quality of water resources), and social (mortality and migration) effects. The side effects of the aforementioned impacts are part of the destructive nature of drought on a community. What is clear is that the causes of drought are not in the control of human beings. However, management tools and compatibility with this event are one of the initiatives of major experts and decision-makers of risk management and crisis in a country. In 2014, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Global Water Partnership (GWP) provided and published a journal entitled “National Guidelines on Drought Policy” or “Continuous Drought Management” that is the result of the efforts of specialists of the two organizations in collecting experiences of successful countries in the management of drought. The conclusion of all of these experiences led to offering a 10-step approach in the National Directorate of drought. What is presented in this paper is a summary of the translation of this publication that deals with strategies of drought management, which our country also faces.
Hossein Ansari; Armin Boostani; Alireza Tabatabaee; Majid Forouzesh
Abstract
The new management of water resources, due to the limitations in available water resources utilization and the development of urban communities, should be based on the demand management rather than supply management. However, achieving sustainable consumption patterns, with status indicators such as ...
Read More
The new management of water resources, due to the limitations in available water resources utilization and the development of urban communities, should be based on the demand management rather than supply management. However, achieving sustainable consumption patterns, with status indicators such as consumption patterns, culturing, tariff reform and incentive policies either corrective or preventative, is possible in macro management. The factors that determine water demand as well as the consumption reduction actions, should be considered as a connection between the policies for water supply and the availability of renewable resources. Due to the location and pilgrimage to the city of Mashhad, in addition to the urban community decision variables, the supply of water for drinking and other domestic uses is of considerable importance for decision makers. The lack of a program or a pilgrims schedule makes it difficult to estimate the level of water consumption or its demand in the network. Because the Mashhad plain is located in a restricted area the possibility of creating new wells in this critical plain does not exist. Therefore, considering future crisis and the unique location of the city of Mashhad, due to its religious status and the necessity of providing drinking water, investigating the ability to supply water from reservoirs must be included in the Vision 1420. Proposals relying on both conventional and unconventional sources of water must be included in urban domestic water management. By correctly estimating all the determinants of water consumption (30 year forecast) it is possible to predict the level of drinking water demand in the city of Mashhad and develop a suitable management approach.
mohammad karimi; Mohammad Jolaini
Abstract
In this research, by studying the water productivity of agricultural crops cultivated in the Razavi Khorasan Province, strategies have been proposed to improve the crop pattern. To calculate the agricultural water productivity the CPD, BPD, and NBPD indices are used. To determine these parameters it ...
Read More
In this research, by studying the water productivity of agricultural crops cultivated in the Razavi Khorasan Province, strategies have been proposed to improve the crop pattern. To calculate the agricultural water productivity the CPD, BPD, and NBPD indices are used. To determine these parameters it is necessary to calculate the expenditure and income from the cultured products. The required information was obtained through interviews with experts, farmers, and the Statistical Yearbook of the agricultural sector (Razavi Khorasan Province) in the year 2013. The net water requirement for each crop was calculated using the NETWAT software and the gross water requirement, or the volume of water consumption per hectare, for each crop was determined on the basis of the average water application efficiency in farms in the Razavi Khorasan Province, which is 50.2 percent. The results showed that the priority of the culture of crops based on the CPD index is onions, tomatoes, and sugar beets. Based on the BPD and NBPD indices the priority becomes potatoes, onions, and tomatoes. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the crops with high water consumption and lower economic efficiency, such as alfalfa, should be removed from the cropping pattern. This will both reduce consumption and water extraction as well as guaranteeing high economic profits for the farmers.
Fariborz Abbasi; nader abbasi
Abstract
Improving water productivity; Improving water consumption pattern; waste reduction; Food security
Read More
Improving water productivity; Improving water consumption pattern; waste reduction; Food security
Abstract
Nurturing ideas, developing and producing technological products; Technology Supply Worksheet; Water and Wastewater Industry
Read More
Nurturing ideas, developing and producing technological products; Technology Supply Worksheet; Water and Wastewater Industry
Abstract
Holding the first national festival of water technologies, productivity and recycling
Read More
Holding the first national festival of water technologies, productivity and recycling
