Water Management and Economy
Anoosh Nori Esfandiyari
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024
Abstract
From the developmental point of view, official market design and governance need to be adapted and perfected at the same time as problems and market growth occur. In return for these efforts, at a time when managing water scarcity has become more difficult, the development of the formal market will continue ...
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From the developmental point of view, official market design and governance need to be adapted and perfected at the same time as problems and market growth occur. In return for these efforts, at a time when managing water scarcity has become more difficult, the development of the formal market will continue to be the most important policy for sharing and reallocating water and adapting farm management to climate change.
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
Mahsa Motaghed; Shahla Choobchian
Abstract
Over the past decade, the increase in population, pollution of water sources, climate change, excessive extraction of underground water have fueled the reduction of water resources, and Hamedan province has experienced severe water insecurity conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted to ...
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Over the past decade, the increase in population, pollution of water sources, climate change, excessive extraction of underground water have fueled the reduction of water resources, and Hamedan province has experienced severe water insecurity conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze indicators of the adaptive capacity of agricultural units in water insecurity conditions in Hamedan province using the Delphi method. The statistical population of the research was formed by experts in the field of agricultural water management at the university level. By using the purposeful and chain sampling method, 16 experts and experienced specialists from the universities of Tehran University (3 experts), Tarbiat Modares University (8 experts), Bu-Ali Sina University (3 experts), University of Shahrekord (1 expert), Payam-e Noor University of Hamedan (1 expert) were selected as a sample. This selection was made based on their expertise and cognition of the region. The results showed that 17 categories are the most important indicators agreed by experts in this field, categorized into 5 social, agricultural, economic-financial, technical-infrastructural, and institutional components. Based on the results obtained from the principal component analysis, respectively; social (0.473), agricultural (0.236), institutional (0.127), economic (0.088), and technical-infrastructural (0.077) components as the first to fifth important components in adaptive capacity had high importance and weight. Leveraging knowledge as a social component significantly contributes to enhancing adaptive capacity in addressing water scarcity. The greater the farmers' comprehension and awareness of the water scarcity challenge, the higher their adaptive capabilities. Based on the findings, suggestions were made for improving the capacity to adapt to water insecurity in agricultural units.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Dina Yazdany; Azar Zarrin; Abbasali Dadashi-Roudbari
Abstract
The climate system is very complex and has made the modeling and predicting/projecting face many challenges. Although climate variability may be detected and identified through a time series of observations, it cannot express the interaction of various components of the Earth's climate system. General ...
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The climate system is very complex and has made the modeling and predicting/projecting face many challenges. Although climate variability may be detected and identified through a time series of observations, it cannot express the interaction of various components of the Earth's climate system. General circulation models (GCMs) are essential for simulating the physical processes governing the atmosphere and the interaction of the components involved in the Earth's climate system. Statistical downscaling extracts empirical relationships between small-scale observational variables (often at the station level) and the direct GCM output by applying three approaches: Perfect Prognosis (PP), Model Output Statistics (MOS), and Weather Generators (WGs). Bias correction, widely used in climate change studies, is the MOS statistical downscaling approach. To clarify the role of using the inappropriate method and software in increasing uncertainty, two scaling methods from the model output statistics (MOS) approach are compared to correct the bias of the minimum and maximum temperatures. In this research, the outputs of R and CMhyd software are compared to check the uncertainty caused by using inappropriate software. The output of the EC-Earth3-CC model for two variables of the minimum and maximum temperatures was examined using CMhyd and R software. Examining the results showed that the CMhyd software has a significant error in both extracting the direct model output and the bias correction method. For example, the PBIAS of direct output of maximum temperature in Abadan was 2.10%, while CMhyd software gives 5.10%. The result of this research shows the need to use the correct methods and software for processing the output of GCMs.
Surface and Groundwater Resources
Amin Kanooni; Mohammad Reza Kohan
Abstract
The decrease in rainfall and the increase in demand for limited water resources show the necessity of supplying water from non-conventional sources. In this research, the possibility of harvesting water from fog in the Abi-beyglu region, which is the main place where moist winds from the Caspian Sea ...
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The decrease in rainfall and the increase in demand for limited water resources show the necessity of supplying water from non-conventional sources. In this research, the possibility of harvesting water from fog in the Abi-beyglu region, which is the main place where moist winds from the Caspian Sea enter the Ardabil plain, was investigated. First, by examining local observations and meteorological parameters, the possibility of harvesting fog water was investigated in terms of different geographical and climatic factors, and then by installing a standard fog collector, the amount of extracted water was measured daily. The results of the investigation of meteorological parameters indicate suitable conditions for the implementation of the fog water harvesting system in the region. The high average relative humidity (more than 70%) throughout the year, the high number of foggy days (more than a third of the year), as well as the appropriate wind speed (4.6 m/s on average) and its high frequency showed that there is a high potential in collecting fog entering the region. The average daily water collected during the foggy period was equal to 3.6 liters per square meter, which shows an acceptable value compared to the results of similar projects. In general, according to the quantitative and qualitative values of collected water, the implementation of fog water harvesting plans in the region is justified and therefore part of the water needs of the region can be provided.
Irrigation and Agriculture
Reza Delbaz; Hamed Ebrahimian
Abstract
New technologies and innovations can improve water management in agriculture. Data science and machine learning are emerging technologies. Data science is a growing field in the world of technology that helps analyze, extract information, and understand patterns and relationships in big data. It plays ...
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New technologies and innovations can improve water management in agriculture. Data science and machine learning are emerging technologies. Data science is a growing field in the world of technology that helps analyze, extract information, and understand patterns and relationships in big data. It plays a pivotal role in a wide range of industries, including agriculture and environmental science. One field in which data science has a significant impact is water science and engineering. The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive definition of data science and review existing studies in this field. According to the results, 10% of the studies conducted in the field of machine learning in agriculture are related to water management. Furthermore, among all studies conducted in this field from 2018 to 2020, Iran accounted for 5.62% of the total. This field of research has primarily focused on determining crop evapotranspiration, predicting yield, and assessing water quality. However, given the novelty of this technology, there are still gaps in studies in this field, which is expected to be attracted by researchers in the future. On the other hand, like other emerging technologies, there are challenges in the implementation and execution of data science that require collaborative efforts among policymakers, researchers, and farmers to address. To resolve these challenges, it is necessary for these stakeholders to propose solutions that can optimally leverage the benefits of data science while simultaneously addressing the existing challenges and problems.
Water Transfer & Hydraulic Structures
Akbar Shahabi; Mahmood Naderian; Mohsen Maghrebi; Reza Ghasemi
Abstract
Ensuring water in critical conditions, especially in the hot months of the year, is very critical and requires optimal use of all water capacities. In this research, the study and implementation approach of constructing a floating pumping station in the Doosti dam to water withdrawal from the surface ...
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Ensuring water in critical conditions, especially in the hot months of the year, is very critical and requires optimal use of all water capacities. In this research, the study and implementation approach of constructing a floating pumping station in the Doosti dam to water withdrawal from the surface of the reservoir to improve the qualitative and quantitative conditions in water withdrawal from the reservoir of this dam in summer 2023 has been discussed. By using a floating pumping station with an approximate weight of 100 tons, it was possible to supply water with a capacity of 2.25 to 3 m3/s from the Doosti dam reservoir and with a turbidity between 4 and 5 NTU; While without using this floating pumping station, maximum of 2 m3/s of water with a turbidity between 17 and 19 NTU could be extracted from the dam. One of the most important features of this project was the transfer of a significant volume of water from the dam reservoir to the intake tower in the shortest possible time with the least equipment and facilities, which, by being placed in the circuit, was able to play an important role in providing drinking water to the Mashhad city in summer 2023. The results of this research can be used in other dams of the country and in water resources development planning to cover current needs or increase the water quality in the exploitation of dams.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Rezvan Salajegheh; Mehdi Raei Naei; Kazem Esmaili
Abstract
Septage refers to wastewater that has been concentrated after being stored in absorption wells and septic tanks. Due to the retention and storage process, its quality differs somewhat from raw wastewater entering sewage treatment plants. In the past, this type of wastewater was disposed of by direct ...
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Septage refers to wastewater that has been concentrated after being stored in absorption wells and septic tanks. Due to the retention and storage process, its quality differs somewhat from raw wastewater entering sewage treatment plants. In the past, this type of wastewater was disposed of by direct discharge in non-residential areas or even onto vegetable farms. Septage cannot be equated with raw wastewater, as its degree of concentration and stabilization varies depending on its source, duration, and storage conditions. Therefore, proper assessments should be conducted regarding the management of its discharge into the environment. In this study, to explore the management methods for septage in the city of Mashhad, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Mashhad's septage were first examined. Qualitative investigations into the subject of septage revealed that studies on the quality and composition of septage have been conducted in other parts of the country too. Additionally, the standards and regulations for the disposal and treatment of septage, as well as the treatment processes themselves, were reviewed. Moreover, given the similarities between the processing of septage and the sludge from wastewater treatment plants, this process was thoroughly examined. The results of the investigation indicated that, for the liquid portion, independent treatment before discharge into surface waters is the preferred process, while composting is the most suitable approach for managing the sludge portion.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Mohammad Golshan
Abstract
Considering the increase in population and the development of urban and rural communities, it is very important to check the quality of urban drinking water. Baharestan watershed supplies most of the drinking water of Astara city with a population of 91,257 people. In this research, based on laboratory ...
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Considering the increase in population and the development of urban and rural communities, it is very important to check the quality of urban drinking water. Baharestan watershed supplies most of the drinking water of Astara city with a population of 91,257 people. In this research, based on laboratory investigations and the Water Safety Plan (WSP), an assessment was conducted on the unintended changes in water quality and the evaluation of the water supply system in this city. For this purpose, after the field visit, the sampling points were determined and samples were taken by depth integration method in three seasons: spring, summer, and autumn. In the sampling points, water quality parameters including sodium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, bicarbonate, manganese, iron, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, overall digestive form, dissolved oxygen, acidity, electrical conductivity, and total hardness were determined. According to the results, the region's water quality index (IRWQI) was calculated. The results of water quality measurement in the sampling areas showed that the water of this river has no problem in terms of drinking water. The parameter of iron (Fe) with a value of 6.88 mg/liter in the Mashand branch, which has the most sources of pollution, is more than the permissible limit, which indicates the priority of carrying out control and correction measures in this branch. The value of the IRWQI index was equal to 60.33, which indicates the relatively good water condition of the region. Also, the review of WSP results showed that team formation with a score of 65% has the highest score and the average score of this plan in Astara city is 33.64, which means that by completing the WSP plan and preventing pollution from entering the river water, better quality drinking water can be provided to the citizens.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Sina Parsayan; Shabnam Sadri Moghaddam
Abstract
Colored wastewater containing azo dyes is an important source of pollution and discharging it without treatment leads to severe problems. A microbial fuel cell is a new solution that treats wastewater and generates electricity simultaneously and is variable in terms of configuration and operating conditions. ...
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Colored wastewater containing azo dyes is an important source of pollution and discharging it without treatment leads to severe problems. A microbial fuel cell is a new solution that treats wastewater and generates electricity simultaneously and is variable in terms of configuration and operating conditions. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple scientific studies on a question. In this study, the configuration and operating conditions were investigated according to the volumetric treatment rate and normalized energy recovery based on operating volume and dye concentration changes. Factors such as the number of chambers, shape of the anode electrode, COD source, and hydraulic retention time were considered. The single-chamber mode showed better performance than the two-chamber mode due to the more available space of the electrolyte and the absence of the proton exchange membrane. Contrary to previous reports, smooth electrodes were superior to the brush mode. Glucose is a better COD source than acetate due to producing more electrons and hydrogen ions during substrate decomposition. Since the decomposition of 90% of the dye occurs in the first 24 hours, the hydraulic retention time in a state that is less than or equal to 24 hours, the process shows better performance. Also, the relation between the organic loading rate resulting from azo dye and the volumetric treatment rate was obtained, which includes the relationship between hydraulic retention time and changes in dye concentration. In the end, a framework for reporting information needed for a more detailed investigation of microbial fuel cells was presented.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Maedeh Oskouhi; K Esmaili
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024, Pages 102-105
Abstract
World Water Day is an annual event organized by the United Nations every year on March 22 (2nd or 3rd of Farvardin). The title of this day's slogan in 2024 is "Water for Peace" and emphasizes the vital importance of water in human and social systems, as well as the need for sustainable use of water ...
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World Water Day is an annual event organized by the United Nations every year on March 22 (2nd or 3rd of Farvardin). The title of this day's slogan in 2024 is "Water for Peace" and emphasizes the vital importance of water in human and social systems, as well as the need for sustainable use of water resources to maintain the integrity of transboundary governance. This event aims to increase the awareness of the world community about the importance of water for maintaining peace and stability. The optimal use of water resources, its sustainable management, and cooperation between countries to resolve water-related disputes are among its main goals. This event is held to draw attention to environmental and social issues related to water and tries to clarify and share the crises related to water shortages and their effects on global communities by explaining the importance of preserving and managing water resources. In this research, the World Water Day slogans from 1994 to 2024 have been investigated. Then the analysis of naming Water Day in 2024 was presented.
Water Management and Economy
parvin Moradiandarzi; Fariba GHanbari
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024, Pages 106-115
Abstract
Iran is facing extensive problems in the field of water resources management, which is caused by the reduction of renewable water resources, increase in demand and unprincipled management. In addition, factors such as climate changes, frequent droughts, excessive exploitation of underground resources ...
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Iran is facing extensive problems in the field of water resources management, which is caused by the reduction of renewable water resources, increase in demand and unprincipled management. In addition, factors such as climate changes, frequent droughts, excessive exploitation of underground resources and imbalance in water distribution between agricultural, industrial and urban sectors have also led to the aggravation of the crisis in sustainable water supply.
Water Management and Economy
Mohammad Arshadi
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024, Pages 116-117
Abstract
In the situation where the demand for water is greater than the supply of water - in the conditions of neglect of water management - it has provided the ground for new users to encroach on the rights of the old users and the quiet reallocation of water from agriculture to other uses, one of the tools ...
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In the situation where the demand for water is greater than the supply of water - in the conditions of neglect of water management - it has provided the ground for new users to encroach on the rights of the old users and the quiet reallocation of water from agriculture to other uses, one of the tools used by politicians to manage these conditions is the Five Plan The fourth year of development has been placed on the agenda of the water sector, the use of water exchange mechanism by setting up local water markets.
Water Management and Economy
H. Heydarzadeh; S. H. Mirghasemi; M. Barqamadi
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024, Pages 118-119
Abstract
The water market is a new window for consumption and demand management. This market is a place where new water demands are met and natural and legal persons with a license to withdraw from underground water resources through saving or increasing water efficiency can enter a part of their water rights ...
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The water market is a new window for consumption and demand management. This market is a place where new water demands are met and natural and legal persons with a license to withdraw from underground water resources through saving or increasing water efficiency can enter a part of their water rights into the water market through a mechanism. Industries and mines or farmers who need surplus water should buy this water right and transfer it to their well or transport it to the place of consumption through a tanker.
F. Ghanbari
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024, Pages 120-121
Abstract
Holding a series of specialized workshops "up to date with technology" with the aim of monitoring modern and practical technologies in the water and sewage industry and creating a context for familiarizing employees and those interested with these technologies, has been planned in the Research and Technology ...
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Holding a series of specialized workshops "up to date with technology" with the aim of monitoring modern and practical technologies in the water and sewage industry and creating a context for familiarizing employees and those interested with these technologies, has been planned in the Research and Technology Department of Mashhad Water and Sewerage Company.
Water Management and Economy
Kazem Esmaili; Vahideh Mortazavi Amiri; Maedeh Oskouhi
Volume 11, Issue 2 , September 2024, Pages 122-147
Abstract
Water markets have emerged in various forms: some have gradually evolved with the development of water usage (such as in Southeast Australia), while others have been established in response to legal events (such as lawsuits concerning the protection of endangered species in Texas), or created to streamline ...
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Water markets have emerged in various forms: some have gradually evolved with the development of water usage (such as in Southeast Australia), while others have been established in response to legal events (such as lawsuits concerning the protection of endangered species in Texas), or created to streamline government operations and reduce financial burdens (such as the decentralization of water infrastructure management following the financial crisis in Mexico). However, what is common among most markets is the condition of water scarcity. In other words, markets emerge when water demands approach the limits of available supply. It is evident that the available water capacity (both accessible and extractable) is contingent upon the renewability of water resources (natural limitations), the development of extraction infrastructure (economic limitations), and social-cultural constraints (whether formal or customary). For instance, whenever water governance decides to impose restrictions and limits on water extraction to facilitate river recreation, a social-cultural limitation is effectively established.
