A Review of the Relationships Between the Hydrological Components of the Water Balance in the Assessment of Rainfall Losses

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

• Zahra Eslami ¹
• khodayar abdollahi ²

¹ PhD Student of Watershed Management Professor, Department of Natural Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Iran

10.22067/jwsd.v9i3.2206.1152

Abstract

In arid and semi-arid regions, a major share of rainfall never reaches streams or groundwater. This part which is known as rainfall loss can play a decisive role in river flow or groundwater recharge. Rainfall losses are used in many hydrological models as one of the basic forecasting components. In this study, the components of the hydrological losses including interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration, and soil moisture have been reviewed, as well as the characteristics of the mentioned components, general concepts, conducted studies, and also the comparison of the useful calculation methods of these components of hydrological losses was reviewed.  The review of the studies shows that due to the complex and stochastic nature of the rainfall process and the many factors affecting it, rainfall losses have not yet been comprehensively understood and in many simulations, it is enough to simplify the systems by considering infiltration as a loss function.  As a result, in practical applications, fixed values for losses are often used and this simplification leads to a sort of inaccurate runoff simulation. Therefore, firstly, it is recommended to pay attention to the time and place format in the existing rainfall loss models and even their concepts and secondly, more consideration should be paid to the interrelationships among components,  because, for example, in the daily time scale, a component such as transpiration may become less important than in long-term time periods, or in an urban watershed due to human manipulation, the loss processes may not be similar to natural watersheds.

Keywords

• Hydrological Modeling
• Rainfall-Runoff
• Infiltration
• Initial Losses
• Excess Rainfall

Main Subjects

• Surface and Groundwater Resources

---

References

پرهمت، ج.، عباسی، ع.ا. و نظری پویا، ه. 1394. بررسی و مقایسه تلفات اولیه بارندگی و آستانه رواناب بر اساس داده‌های بارندگی و رواناب مشاهده‌ای در سه حوضه نمونه. چهارمین همایش ملی سامانه‌های سطوح آبگیر باران، مشهد مقدس.
جوادیان، م.، کردی، ف. و تجریشی، م. 1397. مقایسه روش‌های برآورد تبخیر و تعرق. مجله اکوهیدرولوژی، 6(1): 125-136.
داوودی، ا. 1397. ارزیابی ارتباط شاخص سطح برگ با تغییرات زمانی و مکانی رطوبت خاک (مطالعه موردی: حوزه آبخیز بهشت‌آباد). پایان‌نامه مقطع دکتری، دانشگاه کاشان.
سلیمانی، ل.، حقی‌زاده،ع. و زینی‌وند، ح. 1395. تعیین بهترین مدل‌های برآورد نفوذ در کاربری‌های مختلف، به‌منظور مدیریت بهینه حوزه‌های آبخیز (مطالعه موردی: حوزه آبخیز کاکا شرف، استان لرستان). پژوهشنامه مدیریت حوزه آبخیز، 7(13): 33-41.
علیزاده، ا. 1391. اصول هیدرولوژی کاربردی. انتشارات دانشگاه امام رضا. مشهد.
میرزایی، س.، زینی‌وند، ح. و حقی‌زاده، ع. 1392. تهیه نقشه ظرفیت ذخیره چالابی با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Wetspa در محیط GIS. بیستمین همایش ملی ژِئوماتیک.
نشاط، ع. و پاره‌کار، م. 1386. مقایسه روش‌های تعیین سرعت نفوذ عمودی آب در خاک. مجله علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، 14(3): 186-195.
Abd Elbasit M. A., Ojha C. S., Abu-Zerig M. M., Yasuda H., Gang L., and Ahmed F. 2019. Estimation of surface depression storage capacity from surface roughness. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-74 .
Allen R.G. and Pruitt W.O. 1986. Rational Use of the FAO BlaneyCriddle Method. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 112(IR2): 139-155.
Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D., and Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Fao, Rome, 300(9): D05109.
Aron G. 1982. Rainfall Abstractions in Urban storm water hydrology. American geophysical union, Washington, D.C. water resources, 7: 69-86.
Babaeian E., Sadeghi M., Jones S.B., Montzka C., Vereecken H. and Tuller M. 2019. Ground, proximal, and satellite remote sensing of soil moisture. Reviews of Geophysics, 57(2): 530-616.
Blaney H.F. and Criddle W.D. 1950. Determining Requirements Water in Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation Data. Washington Soil Conservation Service, 48.
Brutsaert W.2005. Hydrology: an introduction, Cambridge Univeristy Press, New York.
Calder I. 1986. A stochastic model of rainfall interception. Journal of Hydrology, 89: 65–71.
Calder I. 1996. Dependence of rainfall interception on drop size: 1. Development of the two-layer stochastic model. Journal of Hydrology, 185: 363–378.
Chattopadhyay N. and Hulme M. 1997. Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87(1): 55-73.
Chow V.T., Maidment D.R. and Mays L.W. 2013. Applied hydrology; 2 edition, McGraw- Hill New York.
Civeira G. 2019. Introductory Chapter: Soil Moisture. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73742.
Clothier B.E.; Hall A.J.; Deurer M.; Green S.R. and Mackay A.D. 2011. Soil Ecosystem Services: Sustaining Returns on Investment into Natural Capital. In Sustaining Soil Productivity in Response to Global Climate Change: Science, Policy, and Ethics; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: West Sussex, UK. (p. 117–139).
Darboux F., Davy P., Gascuel-Odoux C. and Huang C. 2002. Evolution of soil surface roughness and flowpath connectivity in overland flow experiments. Catena, 46(2-3): 125-139.
David J.S., Valente F., and Gash J.H. 2006. Evaporation of intercepted rainfall. Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.hsa046.
Dunne T., Zhang W., and Aubry B.F. 1991. Effects of rainfall, vegetation, and microtopography on infiltration and runoff. Water Resources Research, 27(9): 2271-2285.
Gamage S.H.P.W., Hewa G.A. and Beecham S. 2014. Distribution of Hydrological Losses for Varying Rainfall and Antecedent Wetness Conditions, 11 th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, New York City, USA.
Gamage S.H.P.W., Hewa G.A. and Beecham S. 2015. Modelling hydrological losses for varying rainfall and moisture conditions in South Australian catchments. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 4(PB): 1–21.
Gash J., Lloyd C. and Lachaud G. 1995. Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model. Journal of Hydrology, 170: 79–86.
Gash J. 1979. An analytical model of rainfall interception by forest. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 105: 43–55. 
Ghiat I., Mackey H. R. and Al-Ansari T. 2021. A Review of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques and Methods for Open and Closed Agricultural Field Applications. Water, 13(18): 2523.
Ghumman A.R., Iqbal M., Ahmad S. and Hashmi H.N. 2018. Experimental and numerical investigations for optimal emitter spacing in drip irrigation. Irrig. Drain, 67: 724–737. 
Gish T.J. and Starr J.L. 1983. Temporal Variability of Infiltration under Field Conditions. In Advances in Infiltration, Proceedings of the ASAE National Conference on Advances in Infiltration, ASAE Publication. (p. 102-112).
Goldman D.M., Marino MA. and Feldman A.D. 1990. Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 116(IR6): 752-768.
Govers G., Takken I. and Helming K. 2000. Soil roughness and overland flow. Agronomie, 20(2): 131-146.
Gray D. M. 1973. Handbook on the principles of hydrology: A General Text with Special Emphasis on Canadian conditions, Water Information Center, Inc, Port Washington, N.Y. 
Green W.H. and Ampt G.A. 1911. Studies on Soil Phyics. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(01): 1–24. 
Hairsine P. B., Moran C. J. and Rose C. W. 1992. Recent developments regarding the influence of soil surface characteristics on overland flow and erosion. Soil Research, 30(3):249-264.
Hardie M. 2020. Review of novel and emerging proximal soil moisture sensors for use in agriculture. Sensors, 20(23): 6934.
Hargreaves G.H. and Samani Z.A. 1985. Reference Crop Evapotranspiration From Ambient Air Temperature. Pap. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. (p. 96–99).
Hill P.I. and Mein R.G. 1996. Incompatibilities between storm temporal patterns and losses for design flood estimation. In: Hydrol-ogy and Water Resources Symposium. Institution of Engineers, Hobart, Australia. (p. 445–451).
Holtan H.N. 1961. Concept for infiltration estimates in watershed engineering. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv., ARS (p.41–51).
Horton R.E. 1940. An approach toward a physical interpertation of infiltration capacity, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 5: 399-417.
Huang C. H. and Bradford J. M. 1990. Depressional storage for Markov‐Gaussian surfaces. Water resources research, 26(9): 2235-2242.
Hunduma S. and Kebede G. 2020. Indirect Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture Content Using Different Sensors. African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 12(3): 37-55.
Ilahee M. 2005. Modelling Losses in Flood Estimation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland.
Jensen M.E., Burman R.D. and Allen R.G. (eds.). 1990. Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices No. 70, New York, 332 pp.
Kale R.V. and Sahoo B. 2011. Green-Ampt infiltration models for varied field conditions: a revisit. Water Resources Management, 25(14): 3505-3536.
Knapp H.V., Durgunoğlu A. and Ortel T.W. 1991. A review of rainfall-runoff modeling for stormwater management. ISWS Contract Report CR 516.
Kostiakov A.N .1932. The dynamics of the coefficient of water-percolation in soils and on the necessity for studying it from a dynamic point of view for purposes of amelioration. Society of Soil Science, 14: 17-21.
Lowry R. L. and Johnson A.F. 1942. Consumptive use of water for Agriculture. A.S .c .E., v. 107, p. 1252.
Link T.E., Unsworth M. and Marks D. 2004. The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 124: 171 – 191. 
Linsley R.K., Kohler M.A. and Paulhus J.L.H. 1982. Hydrology for Engineers, 3rd Edition, New York.
Liu J. 1988. A theoretical model of the process of rainfall interception in forest canopy. Ecological Modelling, 42: 111–123. 
Liu S. 1997. A new model for the prediction of rainfall interception in forest canopies. Ecological Modelling, 99: 151–159.
Mahapatra S., Jha M.K., Biswal S. and Senapati D. 2020. Assessing variability of infiltration characteristics and reliability of infiltration models in a tropical sub-humid region of India. Sci. Rep, 10 (1): 1–18.
Massman W. 1983. The derivation and validation of a new model for the interception of rainfall by forest. Agricultural Meteorology, 28: 261–286. 
McPherson M.B. 1978. Urban Runoff Control Planning, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-600/9-78-035, mechanism. Journal of Hydrolgy, 342: 305–319.
Mein R.G. and O’Loughlin E.M. 1991. A new approach for flood forecasting. In: Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium. Australian Institution of Engineers, Perth, WA. (p. 219–224).
Mein R.G. and Larson C.L. 1973. Modeling Infiltration during a Steady Rain. Water Resources Research, 9 (2): 384-394.
Mein R.G., Nandakumar N. and Siriwardena L. 1995. Estimation of Initial Loss from Soil Moisture Indices: Pilot Study. Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology.
Michalopoulou H. and Papaioannou G. 1991. Reference crop evapotranspiration over Greece. Agricultural water management, 20(3): 209-221.
Monteith J.L., Szeicz G. and Waggoner P.E. 1965. The measurement and control of stomatal resistance in the field. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2(2): 345-355.
Mulder J. 1985. Simulating interception loss using standard meteorological data. In: Hutchison, B., Hicks, B. (Eds.), The Forest–Atmosphere Interaction. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht. (p. 77–196).
Murakami S. 2007. Application of three canopy interception models to a young stand of Japanese cypress and interpretation in terms of interception mechanism. Journal of Hydrolgy, 342: 305–319.
Muzylo A., Llorens P., Valente F., Keizer J., Domingo F. and Gash J. 2009. A review of rainfall interception modelling. Journal of hydrology, 370: 191-206.
Nandakumar N., Mein R. and Siriwardena L.1994. Loss modeling for flood estimation - a review. Clayton, Vic: Cooperative Reserch Center for Catchment Hydrology. 
Nathan R. J., Weinmann P. E. and Hill P. I. 2003. Use of Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the expected probability of large to extreme floods. In M. J. Boyd, J. E. Ball, M. K. Babister, & J. Green (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium (Vol. 1, pp. 105 - 112). Institution of Engineers Australia.
Ngongondo C., Xu C.Y., Tallaksen L.M. and Alemaw B. 2013. Evaluation of the FAO Penman–Montheith, Priestley–Taylor and Hargreaves models for estimating reference evapotranspiration in southern Malawi. Hydrology Research, 44(4): 706-722.
Panahi M., Khosravi K., Ahmad S., Panahi S., Heddam S., Melesse A.M., and Lee C.W. 2021. Cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate prediction using optimized deep learning algorithms: A study in Western Iran. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 35: 100825.
Penman H.L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 193: 120-145.
Philip J.R. 1954. An infiltration equation with physical significance. Soil Science, 77(2): 153–158.
Philip J.R. 1991. Horizontal redistribution with capillary hysteresis. Water resources research, 27 (7): 1459-1469.
Pilgrim D.H. 1986. Bridging the Gap between Flood Research and Design Practice. Water Resources Research, 22 (9): 165-176.
Priestley C.H. and Taylor R. 1972. On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review, 100: 81-92.
Rammal M. and Berthier E. 2020. Runoff losses on urban surfaces during frequent rainfall events: a review of observations and modeling attempts. Water, 12(10): 2777.
Rana G. and Katerji N. 2000. Measurements and estimation of actual evapotranspiration in the field under Mediterranean climate: a review. European Journal of Agronomy, 13(2-3): 125–153.
Rawls W.J., Yates P. and Asmussen L. 1976. Calibration of Selected Infiltration Equations for the Georgia Coastal Plain. Agricultural Research Service Report ARS-S-113, Beltsville MD.
Rutter A., Kershaw K., Robins P. and Morton A. 1971. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forest. I. Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agricultural Meteorology, 9: 367–384.
Rutter A., Morton A. and Robins P. 1975. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. II. Generalization of the model and comparison with observations in some coniferous and hardwood stands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 12(1): 367-380.
Saxton K.E., Johnson H.P. and Shaw R.H. 1974. Watershed Evapotranspiration Estimated by the Combination Method. Transactions of the ASAE 17: 668-672.
Sellers P. and Lockwood J. 1981. A computer simulation of the effects of differing crop types on the water balance of small catchments over a long time periods. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 107: 395–414.
Siriwardena L. and Mein R.G. 1996. Development and Testing of a Variable Proportional Loss Model. Hydrology and Water ResourcesSymposium1996: Water and the Environment; Preprints of Papers. Institution of Engineers, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 709–710.
Smith R.E. and Parlange J.Y. 1978. A Parameter-Efficient Hydrologic Infiltration Model. Water Resources Research, 14 (3): 533-538.
Soil Conservation Service (SCS). 1956. Hydrology, National Engineering Handbook, Supplement A, Sect. 4, Chapt. 10, Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, D.C. 
Soil Conservation Service (SCS). 1972. Hydrology. National Engineering Handbook, Supplement A, Section 4, Chapter 10, Soil Conservation Service, USDA, Washington, D.C.
Sonaje N. 2011. Mathcad a tool for infiltration modeling. Saarbruc ken: Lambert academic publishing. Germeny.
Sonaje N. 2013. Modeling of Infiltration Process – A Review. Indian journal of applied research, 3(9): 226-230.
Stanghellini C. 1987. Transpiration of Greenhouse Crops: An Aid to Climate Management. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen,The Netherlands. 
SU S.L., Singh D.N. and Baghini M.S. 2014. A critical review of soil moisture measurement. Measurement, 54: 92-105.
Takken I. and Govers G. 2000. Hydraulics of interrill overland flow on rough, bare soil surfaces. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25(13): 1387-1402.
Talsma C.J., Good S.P., Jimenez C., Martens B., Fisher J.B., Miralles D.G. and Purdy A.J. 2018. Partitioning of evapotranspiration in remote sensing-based models. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 260: 131-143.
Thornthwaite C.W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev., 38: 55-94.
Tracy J.C. and Marino M.A. 1987. Evaluation of Empirical Infiltration Models in SingleEvent Rainfall-Runoff Models. In Infiltration Development and Application, Y.-S. Fok (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Infiltration Development and Application, Honolulu, HI. 526-539.
Turc L. 1951. New formulas for the estimation of runoff, using the average annual values of temperature and precipitation: Proceedings of the academy sciences, Paris, 233: 633–635( (in French).
Ullah W. and Dickinson W.T. 1979. Quantitative description of depression storage using a digital surface model: I. Determination of depression storage. Journal of Hydrology, 42(1–2): 63-75.
Valente F., David J. and Gash J. 1997. Modelling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models. Journal of Hydrology, 190(1-2): 141–162.
Van Dijk A. and Bruijnzeel L. 2001. Modelling rainfall interception by vegetation of variable density using an adapted analytical model, part 1. Model description. Journal of Hydrology, 247(3-4): 230–238.
Viessman J.W., Knapp J.W., Lewis G.L. and Harbaugh T.E. 1977. Introduction to Hydrology, Harper and Row: New York.
Viessman W. and Lewis G.L. 1996. Introduction to Hydrology. Chapter 3: Interception and Depression Storage. New York. (p. 40 – 51).
Wilcox B.P., Rawls W.J., Brakensiek D.L., and Wight J.R. 1990. Predicting Runoff from Rangeland Catchments: A Comparison of Two Models. Water Resources Research, 26(10): 2401-2410.
Xiao Q., McPherson E.G., Ustin S.L. and Grismer M.E. 2000. A new approach to modeling tree rainfall interception. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 105(D23): 29173-29188.
Xiao Q. and McPherson E.G. 2002. Rainfall interception by Santa Monica's municipal urban forest. Urban ecosystems, 6(4): 291-302.
Yen B.C. 1982. Some Measures for Evaluation and Comparison of Simulation Models. In Urban Stormwater Hydraulics and Hydrology, B.C. Yen (ed.), Proceedings of the Second Conference on Urban Storm Drainage, Urbana, IL. 341-349.
Zeng N., Shuttleworth J. and Gash J. 2000. Influence of temporal variability of rainfall on interception loss. Part 1. Point analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 228: 228–241.
Zhang K., Kimball J.S. and Running S.W. 2016. A review of remote sensing based actual evapotranspiration estimation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 3(6): 834-853.