Seyed Hamidreza Kashfi; Amirhosein Raghimi
Abstract
Drinking water supply and sanitation are among essential infrastructures in any society. Development of societies depends on appropriate and sustainable water resources and faces many challenges. Undergoing comprehensive developments in one hand, and on the other hand suffering from serious water shortage ...
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Drinking water supply and sanitation are among essential infrastructures in any society. Development of societies depends on appropriate and sustainable water resources and faces many challenges. Undergoing comprehensive developments in one hand, and on the other hand suffering from serious water shortage due to geographical and climatic characteristics, Iran requires implementing water supply projects to meet water needs in urban, hygienic, as well as industrial sectors. Proper management of available water resources and supplying water from nonconventional resources such as desalination facilities and water recycling and reuse are therefore among essential inevitable options which should be considered for future. The need to expand desalination facilities to provide sanitation and drinking water together with the nature of such facilities has provided the grounds for private sector participation to invest on construction of such facilities. Therefore national water and wastewater authority in Iran has considered the participation of private sector in investing and constructing desalination facilities in the form of contracts as an approach which has shown to be successful in recent years.
Sajjad Razavi; Kamran Davary
Abstract
In recent years, due to population growth, increase in water demand and available resources sustainability of water resources has not achieved. Water crisis in arid and semiarid climates such as Iran is critical which necessitates a new approach in water resources management. One of the new approaches ...
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In recent years, due to population growth, increase in water demand and available resources sustainability of water resources has not achieved. Water crisis in arid and semiarid climates such as Iran is critical which necessitates a new approach in water resources management. One of the new approaches in the world is known as virtual water trade and water footprint concept. Water trade is defined as importing water-intensive products from countries with water scarcity. In this study the concepts of virtual water and water footprint and related concepts such as water efficiency, renewable water, consumption patterns, consumptive and non-consumptive use are described schematically in the form of tables and figure. Finally the problems and challenges of virtual water calculation in Iran are indicated and some solutions are represented to overcome them.
Armin Boostani; Seyed Hossein Golmaei; Hossein Ansari; Seyed Mohamad Kalvndi
Abstract
Water networks, water pipes in the trenches how to establish, influenced by location, topography and direction of economic factors in the drawings of these projects should be considered. evaluating the behavior of underground structures and the interaction effects on the surrounding context of buried ...
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Water networks, water pipes in the trenches how to establish, influenced by location, topography and direction of economic factors in the drawings of these projects should be considered. evaluating the behavior of underground structures and the interaction effects on the surrounding context of buried pipes of normal loadings, can do the appropriate analysis to properly design supervisor engineers and designers of these projects provide. Hence this analysis to determine the ducts and transmission lines for the acts of existing forces and effective in settlement some of the issues essential to the deformation of side offers. For this purpose a range of water transmission and distribution project dousti dam was selected. Then, counting different loadings, characteristics of steel pipe used in filling trenches and materials, settlement to review and change the tube and bed by Ansys finite element numerical model and Plaxis was paid. Average vertical displacement along the tube and Ansys, Plaxis respectively against 22.5 and 8.5 mm was. Also in section studied, the surface layer (asphalt) 5 cm had subsided. With increased pressure inside the pipe to the limit, surface subsidence declined. Model due to better soil structure interaction and side impact forces and also in terms of deformation in the side wall of the pipe, the results of the model in Ansys general settlement of the pipe and around, better as Plaxis and is recommended in the design, the results, This model is considered.
Fatemeh Kazemi
Abstract
Current urban development practices has had negative impacts on urban water resources and eology and has made urban environments far from the objectives of sustainable development. In hydrology realm, studies show that traditional stormwater management in cities has had negative effects such as increased ...
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Current urban development practices has had negative impacts on urban water resources and eology and has made urban environments far from the objectives of sustainable development. In hydrology realm, studies show that traditional stormwater management in cities has had negative effects such as increased volume of urban run off and increased peak flows. Also, such traditional urban water management, by removing remnant vegetation and increase of hard surfaces, has largely reduced urban green spaces per capita. The concept of Water Sesnitive Urban Design (WSUD) in recen decades has been developed in some countries such as Australia. This concept as a susistainable strategy for urban development, has made promises on solving many problems caused by traditional water cycle management such as increasing urban hard surfaces and decreasing urban green spaces. This paper will descrie and discuss the concept of water sensive urban design and it’s objectives and will compare it with similar traditional concepts related to urban water cycle management. It is hope that introducing the subject in this paper, can help on investigation of the development of this concept for sustainable urban development in Iran.
Sara Divband; Pooya Shirazi; Laleh Divband; Samira Azadi; Parvaneh Tishehzan
Abstract
Nitrate removal from contaminated water is one of the important environmental issues. In this study nitrate adsorption by titanium dioxide nanoparticles was surveyed and in order to determine the effective factors in absorption, discontinuous system was used. The results showed that the maximum capacity ...
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Nitrate removal from contaminated water is one of the important environmental issues. In this study nitrate adsorption by titanium dioxide nanoparticles was surveyed and in order to determine the effective factors in absorption, discontinuous system was used. The results showed that the maximum capacity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in nitrate adsorption occurred at pH=5 and contact time 120 minutes. Equilibrium models (Langmuir and Freundlich) and non-equilibrium (Ho et al and Lagergren) were used to investigate the adsorption process. Comparing the determination coefficients between measured data and obtained value from Ho’s model (R2= 0.98) and Lagergren model (R2= 0.95) showed that the Ho’s model describes experimental data better. Also, comparing the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm for nitrate adsorption by titanium dioxide nanoparticles showed that Freundlich isotherm (R2= 0.99) was more proper than Langmuir isotherm (R2= 0.91) in describing adsorption process.
Mohammad Reza Alipour
Abstract
Nowadays water quality monitoring during the different phases of production of drinking water is a very important task of responsible waterworks. Monitoring of this water supply network at the last points has much more importance. Different methods have been used for this purpose. In this paper, various ...
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Nowadays water quality monitoring during the different phases of production of drinking water is a very important task of responsible waterworks. Monitoring of this water supply network at the last points has much more importance. Different methods have been used for this purpose. In this paper, various criteria which are influencing the sampling task have been studied in the City of Mashhad. Results shows, this method is a very good approach for monitoring the chemical parameters changes in the water, but due to the vastness of the studying area and large number of the wells which is connecting to the supplying network directly, it is commented for parameters like free chlorine increase the sampling numbers from the random places two times comparing the fixed sampling points. Regarding the Microbial test, at least this factor might be equal to the one. This factor is different for different networks and every network needs its special studies to declare the rates between samples from random point to the fixed points.
Sadegh Nikbakht; Masoomeh Delbari
Abstract
Due to the importance of groundwater resources as useable and depleting water resources, the study and appropriate management of groundwater exploitation are very important. A proper management of groundwater resource needs knowledge of the spatial variability of water table levels over the study area. ...
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Due to the importance of groundwater resources as useable and depleting water resources, the study and appropriate management of groundwater exploitation are very important. A proper management of groundwater resource needs knowledge of the spatial variability of water table levels over the study area. To obtain such information, appropriate interpolation and mapping of water table levels based on a limited number of observations is needed. Recently, geostatistical interpolators are being used as they have acceptable accuracy. In this study the performance of ordinary kriging (OK), inverse distance weighting (IDW), radial basis function (RBF) and global polynomial interpolation (GPI) for estimating groundwater level are compared. Water table data are related to a number of 31 observation levels across Zahedan plain recorded in 2011. Cross validation technique is used to compare the results with the evaluation criteria, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). Based on the results, OK with a Guassian model of semivariogram having the lowest amounts of RMSE (7.9 m) and MBE (-0.97 m) is the most accurate approach for estimating groundwater level over the study area. The generated water table map indicates that groundwater level in south and southwest of the study area is higher than its value in northern and northeastern parts.
Fatemeh Valinejad; Khalil Ghorbani; Mahdi Zakerinia; Amirahmad Dehghani; Behnam Ababaee
Abstract
Soil moisture is a key variable in understanding hydrological processes and energy fluxes in the ground. Therefore, accurate simulation of soil moisture is useful in irrigation planning and crop management, flood and drought prediction, water quality management, climate change and weather forecast. But ...
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Soil moisture is a key variable in understanding hydrological processes and energy fluxes in the ground. Therefore, accurate simulation of soil moisture is useful in irrigation planning and crop management, flood and drought prediction, water quality management, climate change and weather forecast. But despite the importance of this hydrological variable, field measurement method is not appropriate considering huge spatial-temporal changes in soil properties as well as its high cost. Accordingly, the use of physical models as an approach to solve the problem has been addressed by researchers. In this study SWAT conceptual model is used to stimulate soil moisture in a Nomal watershed. SUFI2 algorithm was used in SWAT-CUP software pack for calibrating SWAT model, the amount of soil moisture measurements, and analysis of model uncertainty in the watershed. Uncertainty analysis was done by calculating P-factor and R-factor. According to results, R-factor in most sub-watersheds was less than 1, while in the whole watershed it was 1/01. P-factor in sub-watersheds was between 50-99 percent and the whole watershed 90 percent. These values indicated good calibration for moisture parameter in the watershed as well as large uncertainty predictions. bR2 index was 58 percent showing acceptable accuracy in watershed model calibration. Moreover, important information on soil moisture both in terms of spatial as well as temporal (daily scale) distribution (sub-watershed) was obtained with an estimated uncertainty band of predictions.
Mehdi Zakerinia; Adele Balasi
Abstract
Pressurized irrigation systems are most economical irrigation methods that uses sufficient amount of water, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals at proper time. Automation with using agricultural weather devices is an essential way for optimal management of pressurized irrigation. In this paper ...
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Pressurized irrigation systems are most economical irrigation methods that uses sufficient amount of water, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals at proper time. Automation with using agricultural weather devices is an essential way for optimal management of pressurized irrigation. In this paper the pressurized irrigation network for Ali Abad native olive garden with area of 105 acres in Rudbar, Gilan Province is studied. The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of pressurized irrigation systems on reducing the consumption of energy and water. The results show using pressurized irrigation systems save 21,750 cubic meters of water per year and the energy consumption will be less than 52,704 kilowatts of energy per year. If this amount equals minimum $ 120 per kilowatt, the electricity consumption in this method will result in saving $ 6,324,480.
Mehri shahedi; Fateme Talebi Hossein Abad
Abstract
Water is the limiting and important factor in development of Khorassan-Razavi Province. On one hand sever depletion of water resources due to illegal abstractions as well as over-exploitation; and on the other hand, drastic increase in water demand for different consuming sectors, has highlighted the ...
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Water is the limiting and important factor in development of Khorassan-Razavi Province. On one hand sever depletion of water resources due to illegal abstractions as well as over-exploitation; and on the other hand, drastic increase in water demand for different consuming sectors, has highlighted the significant role of water resources in development process. This study has employed few quantitative indices based on renewable water to analyze present Water Resources Sustainability State in Qareh-Qum (Iranian) Basin. The ratio of the consumed water to basin’s renewable water was 1.24; this number with regards to standards reveals the instability of water-budget. In addition, Falkenmark index, ratio of renewable water to population for this basin, was 562 m^3/capita, which shows insufficiency of the basin’s water resources in supporting sustainable development. Average irrigation water requirements for present cropping pattern is 8852 m^3/ha. While renewable water share for each hectare of the basin’s irrigated land is only 6551 m^3. Assuming all renewable water were dedicated to irrigate crops, then only about 74% of the existing irrigated land could have enough water available. In conclusion, the existing state of basin’s water resources evaluates unsustainable and, occurrence of a long-term drought at present situation can endanger the life in the basin. Sustainability in relation to water resources will be subject to balance recovery and optimal use of water in all sectors, especially agriculture.
Seyed Abolghasem Haghayeghi Moghadam; Hossein Ansari
Abstract
Conservation agriculture (CA) is a series of measures which include retention of adequate levels of crop residues on the soil surface, proper crop rotations and reductions in tillage as much as possible so that their application conserve time, energy and promote soil and water resources. Among ...
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Conservation agriculture (CA) is a series of measures which include retention of adequate levels of crop residues on the soil surface, proper crop rotations and reductions in tillage as much as possible so that their application conserve time, energy and promote soil and water resources. Among impacts of CA that would affect hydraulics of surface irrigation methods are variations in roughness coefficient and soil infiltration. In present research the increase in roughness coefficient and soil infiltration rate were determined respectively 35% and 25% in CA conditions. Results of using SIRMOD model for simulation of surface irrigation in CA conditions showed that advanced water time would increase averagely 37.2% in CA comparing to conventional agriculture. This incline can be contributed to the increase in roughness coefficient due to crop residues on the farm surface. Modification of tillage method from conventional to conservation didn’t change the application and irrigation efficiency. Water distribution uniformity in farm decreased 9% by applying CA method. CA could bear 36% reduction in run off tail water that which is a good advantage of this method. On the other hand, CA increased the deep percolation under root development zone by 54% on average.
Fereydoun Abbaspour
Abstract
Why is Non-Revenue Water (NRW) assessment so important for any water utility? It is common knowledge that the NRW in any water utility is a percentage of the water volume pumped into the network - but this simple percentage figure just isn’t sufficient to understand the water utility’ problem ...
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Why is Non-Revenue Water (NRW) assessment so important for any water utility? It is common knowledge that the NRW in any water utility is a percentage of the water volume pumped into the network - but this simple percentage figure just isn’t sufficient to understand the water utility’ problem and elaborate an appropriate reduction strategy. Therefore it was necessary to apply the nowadays available methods and tools which had helped to establish a first baseline. The following pages provide a brief overview on the methodology and the related terminology.
