S.M. Seyedan; Mehdi Mottaghi
Abstract
The importance of water as the rarest input to agriculture has led to more attention to increasing the irrigation productivity in recent years. In this study, the compasrison of water productivity in traditional and modern irrigation systems for grain and forage corn in Hamadan province is conducted ...
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The importance of water as the rarest input to agriculture has led to more attention to increasing the irrigation productivity in recent years. In this study, the compasrison of water productivity in traditional and modern irrigation systems for grain and forage corn in Hamadan province is conducted using three indices of physical and economic productivity of water including CPD, BPD, and NBPD. Firstly, appropriate operators were selected by random sampling and then the necessary data were collected through interviews and completion of the questionnaire. The average physical productivity of water under traditional and modern irrigation systems for grain corn was 0.82 and 1.08 kg/m3 of water, respectively, and for forage corn was 5.11 and 6.67 kg/m3 of water, respectively. The average economical water productivity under traditional and modern irrigation systems for grain corn was 2,849 and 3,665 rial/m3 of water, respectively, and for forage corn was 7,678 and 10,068 rial/m3 of water, respectively. Under modern irrigation systems, the highest amounts of physical and economic productivity of water for grain corn belonged to Asadabad and Nahavand, respectively. For forage corn, the highest amount of physical water productivity was for Nahavand and Tuyserkan and the highest economic water productivity was for Bahar and Nahavand. Based on the results, it can be claimed that traditional irrigation systems should be replaced by modern irrigation systems for grain and forage corn. Also, the cultivation of forage corn should be removed from the cultivation pattern in the Bahar region. These results, in addition to reducing the agricultural water consumption, entail economic benefits for farmers.
Mohammad Abdolahi-Ezzatabadi
Abstract
Admittedly there exists surplus pistachio orchards. There are two points which make it difficult to address this problem. First, what amount of surplus pistachio orchards should be eliminated? Secondly, how can policy makers tackle the resisting of the farmers against the elimination of these surplus ...
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Admittedly there exists surplus pistachio orchards. There are two points which make it difficult to address this problem. First, what amount of surplus pistachio orchards should be eliminated? Secondly, how can policy makers tackle the resisting of the farmers against the elimination of these surplus orchards? These two questions were answered by a review of past literature and questionnaire feedback from 1597 pistachio producers in Anar and Rafsanjan cities, Kerman province. The results showed that if flood irrigation system is used, 75000 hectares of pistachio orchards (75% of total pistachio orchards) in Anar and Rafsanjan cities are surplus and should be eliminated. Even using advanced irrigation methods, such as pressurised irrigation systems, and increasing the irrigation efficiency up to 90% cannot remove the need for elimination of surplus orchards. In such a system 52000 hectares of pistachio orchards still need to be eliminated. Based on the results, according to technical, ethical, economic, social, and environmental criteria, the elimination of pistachio surplus orchards in Kerman province is justifiable.
seiedomid mirmohammadsadeghi; Mohammad Nabavianpour
Abstract
By increasing the urban populations in the country and development of cities on the one hand and the continuation of the drought and the reduction of precipitation on the other hand, supplying of drinking water has become one of the most important challenges in water resource management. Therefore, the ...
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By increasing the urban populations in the country and development of cities on the one hand and the continuation of the drought and the reduction of precipitation on the other hand, supplying of drinking water has become one of the most important challenges in water resource management. Therefore, the need for preventive activities to reduce losses due to the casualties in water supply pipes has become one of the main needs of any water supply systems. In this study, the present state of the water distribution network of Garmsar city is investigated and by compositing descriptive and spatial information and also remote sensing information during development, the risk of water distribution network in the city is investigated using TOPSIS and Binary methods. The risk map of breakage or failure in pipes due to decay, burst, pressure, and leakage is plotted. The results showed that the TOPSIS method with validity percentage of 63 is more reliable comparing the Binary method with validity percentage of 45 in predicting events in the water distribution network. Also, according to the risk map of the pipes, the length of high risk-taking pipes are about 12000 meters. The total costs for purchasing and running the pipes will be less than the costs of the losses in the water distribution system. This cost is additional to the unaccounted costs for water and must be paid just to rehabilitate the system.
amir naser saeed alzakerin; Bijan nazari; hadi ramezani etedali
Abstract
One of the limiting factors for expanding green areas, as the most fundamental factors for wildlife and human beings sustainability in modern life, is the lack of available water resources. This limitation is more significant in arid and semi-arid regions. The growth of Tehran's population will lead ...
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One of the limiting factors for expanding green areas, as the most fundamental factors for wildlife and human beings sustainability in modern life, is the lack of available water resources. This limitation is more significant in arid and semi-arid regions. The growth of Tehran's population will lead to more severe water stress and hence, modification of water usage will be necessary. This study evaluates the effectiveness of smart irrigations in reducing water usage. In this research, a smart irrigation system is implemented for Tehran's Razi Park to compare its performance against the conventional systems. Based on the water demand of the green area, an irrigation schedule was defined to the system controller. The optimum irrigation time was determined using the modification model. Results show a 15% and 6% of water-saving in smart monthly and weekly irrigations, respectively. Moreover, the water-saving for weekly irrigation equals to 26445 liters for a total area of approximately 2500 m2. The water-saving amount in this method is evaluated as 10.6 liters per m2. Considering the total area of the parks in Tehran, improving the irrigation systems for green areas, according to the proposed method in this study, will save approximately 288,000 m2 per month. Using this method is recommended to private and public organisations since it has little complexity and low running cost.
m j
Abstract
Supplemental irrigation is effective in reducing the risk and increasing the stability and sustainability of rainfed crop production. In fact, supplemental irrigation is a temporary intervention and is designed to increase the natural transpiration of the plant when water is provided. On the other hand, ...
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Supplemental irrigation is effective in reducing the risk and increasing the stability and sustainability of rainfed crop production. In fact, supplemental irrigation is a temporary intervention and is designed to increase the natural transpiration of the plant when water is provided. On the other hand, it is inappropriate when rainfall is sufficient for crop growth. Under supplementary irrigation conditions, once or twice irrigation at sensitive stages of growth can prevent the drought stress in a significant area of rainfed land. In this paper, the conditions of supplementary irrigation of rainfed wheat in autumn and spring, suitable cultivars for supplementary irrigation, as well as applied extension recommendations in cold and temperate climates including North Khorasan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Fars, and East Azerbaijan provinces are presented.
mojtaba shafiei; Bijan Ghahraman; Bahram Saghafian
Abstract
Nowadays, uncertainty assessment is a major step in hydrological modelling due to different sources of errors and lack of sureness. Quantifying the amount of uncertainty at models’ outputs is considered as the main step before using the models for water resources decision makings. In modelling ...
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Nowadays, uncertainty assessment is a major step in hydrological modelling due to different sources of errors and lack of sureness. Quantifying the amount of uncertainty at models’ outputs is considered as the main step before using the models for water resources decision makings. In modelling processes, the uncertainty quantification is assessed along with model calibration. Therefore, paying attention to the model calibration and its relation with uncertainty assessment is essential. This review paper presents the necessary concepts of uncertainty assessment and their relationship with modelling processes.
sahar khazaei; reza barati; ahmad ghandehari; mohammad reza sadeghifard
Abstract
Rainfall variations is one of the most important factors in climate change which can be analysed using different methods. This research aims to investigate the application of the innovative-Sen method for monthly, seasonal, and annual trend analysis of precipitation in Khorasan Razavi province. A series ...
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Rainfall variations is one of the most important factors in climate change which can be analysed using different methods. This research aims to investigate the application of the innovative-Sen method for monthly, seasonal, and annual trend analysis of precipitation in Khorasan Razavi province. A series of 30 years of rainfall data from 39 rain stations of the province have been used. For the comparison purpose, Mann-Kendall, Spearman, and linear regression methods have also been considered. For quantitative evaluation of graphical results of the Sen method, a statistical analysis has been proposed. The results of traditional methods indicated that the rainfall of Aban month (October) has a significant increasing trend in confidence interval of 95%, and the rainfall of other months, seasons, and years do not show any significant trend, except for the regression method. Rainfalls of Aban (October), Khordad (May), and Tir (June) months, as well as autumn and summer seasons, have an increasing trend and other considered periods have a decreasing trend. The results of innovative-Sen method analysis in low, medium, and high values indicated that the maximum and minimum variations are related to the rainfall of winter and Mehr (September) month, respectively. Also, the statistical analysis showed a significant trend similar to the regression method only exist in the winter season of the province.
mojtaba zebardast; Alireza Roshani
Abstract
One of the main problems in industrial and urban areas is the runoff caused by rainfall and consequently the flood formation in these areas. Two important things in this regard are: i) rainfalls form urban floods, considering the recent droughts, this could be the main water resources for green spaces ...
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One of the main problems in industrial and urban areas is the runoff caused by rainfall and consequently the flood formation in these areas. Two important things in this regard are: i) rainfalls form urban floods, considering the recent droughts, this could be the main water resources for green spaces in urban areas, ii) the major amount of rainfalls become to flood due to the lack of synchronisation with irrigation demand or storage. The aim of this study is to determine the capacity of using rainfall in urban areas for usage in the development of urban green spaces. The runoff volume and runoff hydrograph are calculated using Civil Storm software. Based on the results, a suitable model for calculating the flood volume, as well as economic solutions to build runoff collecting structures are obtained. Civil Storm, Google Earth, Global Mapper, and AutoCad softwares were also used to map channels, nodes, routes, basins, and suburban basins and finally by adding the soil permeability coefficient and rainfall probability, the basin was simulated. The results confirm the ability of Storm Civil software to simulate the surface runoff and design the runoff collection systems. The comparison of the amount of runoff with a return period of 25 years, equal to 269337 m3, with the total volume of water requirement in district 9, equal to 2189849 m3, indicates that the study area, which is approximately one third of the area of district 9, can provide approximately 12.3% of the water requirement of the region.
fatemeh keykhaei; Fariborz Abbasi
Abstract
More than 96% of the world's freshwater (excluding snow and glaciers) is groundwater which has turned this essential resource into the most important reservoir of freshwater on the planet. Nowadays, exploitation of groundwater resources has been developed for agricultural, industrial, and drinking uses. ...
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More than 96% of the world's freshwater (excluding snow and glaciers) is groundwater which has turned this essential resource into the most important reservoir of freshwater on the planet. Nowadays, exploitation of groundwater resources has been developed for agricultural, industrial, and drinking uses. Due to the water shortage crisis, various solutions have been proposed. Exploring and using unconventional waters such as deep waters is one of these solutions. Groundwater resources are strategic assets of a country in which deep water resources are also included. In this paper, a review of deep water resources including quantity and quality, depth, spatial distribution, and the extraction cost of these resources has been discussed.
Alireza Kavousi Heidari; Reza Roozbahani; Morteza Eftekhari
Abstract
As a consequence of the increase in water demand due to population growth, and decrease in available conventional water resources because of climate change, unconventional water resources, specifically deep groundwater resources, have become the focus of attention. Due to the lack of required information, ...
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As a consequence of the increase in water demand due to population growth, and decrease in available conventional water resources because of climate change, unconventional water resources, specifically deep groundwater resources, have become the focus of attention. Due to the lack of required information, reconnaissance and exploration investigations of the resources, in order to demonstrate the country assets in this regard, was under taken by governmental authorities. Currently, two separate projects, namely “Potentiality of favorable zones for deep groundwater, at country scale” and “Exploration of Sistan deep groundwater”, are in progress. The focus of the aforementioned projects are mainly on the discovery of deep aquifers and assessments of the relevant exploitable water volumes. Focusing on other aspects of the resources, such as social, environmental, renewability, and water quality issues must also be taken into account. This paper gives an overview of deep groundwater characteristic, as well as exploitation constraints and considerations, reviewing the relevant research worldwide.
Hashem Derakhshan; Hamid Omranian Khorasani
Abstract
The level of dependence on groundwater resources is higher in arid and semi-arid climates, as far as in many of these areas, groundwater has become the only source of water supply. Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid climate. The changing patterns of rainfall by climate change and increasing ...
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The level of dependence on groundwater resources is higher in arid and semi-arid climates, as far as in many of these areas, groundwater has become the only source of water supply. Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid climate. The changing patterns of rainfall by climate change and increasing overdraft in many of district groundwater resources has an irreversible impact on this vital source. Groundwater is the main backstop for development in such areas. Therefore, management of drought risk and the dangers under climate change will depend on protecting these vital resources.This paper analyses the California experience in conserving groundwater. Based on this experience, a plan has been developed for critical groundwater resources in Iran. Drought reserve is the key concept in groundwater sustainable management, but it has always been neglected. Finally, major challenges in implementation and conserving the drought reserve have been explained, and suggestions have been made to restore this reserve to achieve management sustainable development.
amir moradinejad
Abstract
Organising beneficiaries and producers with legal rights in water bodies is one of the main strategies in the field of water exploitation. In this research, the transfer of management of water exploitation and maintenance of water facilities in the Qazvin Plain, which has modern irrigation networks, ...
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Organising beneficiaries and producers with legal rights in water bodies is one of the main strategies in the field of water exploitation. In this research, the transfer of management of water exploitation and maintenance of water facilities in the Qazvin Plain, which has modern irrigation networks, has been analysed. The positive and negative points of this management transfer, as well as the problems and failures in the transfer, the technical solutions and suggestions have been identified and presented through field visits and surveys of the representatives of farmers and experts of the water supply. With the development of participatory irrigation management in this network, results such as simplifying the administrative and executive affairs, reducing government ownership, saving time, applying local management, reducing the transmission and distribution losses, and creating employment were achieved. Problems such as the lack of convergence between state institutions, the existence of monopolies in the bodies of some organisations, the lack of transparency in how to collect water, the lack of proper communication between farmers and the centre, lack of transparency and interaction between farmers and governmental organisations, the lack of clear legal capacity, lack of credibility, failure to identify incentives to reduce costs for operators, lack of extension and training activities are investigated in this study.
Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini Sheshtamad; Ahmad Abedi Sarvestani; Ali Keramatzadeh
Abstract
Iran is located in an arid region of the world. Drought and water shortages are clearly seen in most parts of the country. Mismanagement of water and lack of good water governance exacerbate the consequences of droughts. Good water governance refers to the adaptability of rules, responsibility of organisations, ...
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Iran is located in an arid region of the world. Drought and water shortages are clearly seen in most parts of the country. Mismanagement of water and lack of good water governance exacerbate the consequences of droughts. Good water governance refers to the adaptability of rules, responsibility of organisations, clarification and integration of programs, ethical considerations, and observance of justice in the provision of water-related services. The establishment and proper implementation of sustainable water governance require fair legal frameworks and unbiased executive organisations. The purpose of this research survey is to investigate the status of rule-observance in the good governance of water from the farmers' point of view. Using random cluster sampling, 202 farmers from 25 villages in Sabzevar County were studied. The results showed that "the rate of compliance with the rules for agricultural water in the region" and the "respect for farmers' rights in relation to agricultural water" are ranked as the first and last, respectively. Furthermore, the index of rule-observance in good water governance can be evaluated at the medium level. Meanwhile, farmers using the subterranean canal, as well as farmers with less rental lands and more annual income from agriculture, were believed more in the rules-observance in water governance. The use of indigenous knowledge and the participation of farmers in the establishment of the related rules are the suggestions of the present research to strengthen the rules-observance in the good governance of agricultural water.
Mirhasan Miryaghoubzadeh; seyed amin khosravi; Mostafa Zabihi
Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2019, Pages 103-112
Abstract
Drought is an inevitable natural phenomenon and a disaster that should be considered without the possibility of prevention, but this phenomenon can be managed and organised. In general, from a climate perspective, drought represents a type of deviation from the average condition. Drought types include ...
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Drought is an inevitable natural phenomenon and a disaster that should be considered without the possibility of prevention, but this phenomenon can be managed and organised. In general, from a climate perspective, drought represents a type of deviation from the average condition. Drought types include agricultural, hydrological, and meteorological, where meteorological drought occurs more than the agricultural and hydrological drought types. To assess quantitatively and qualitatively of the drought phenomenon, some indicators called drought indices are commonly used in the world. In this study, considering the importance of drought, eight rainfall indices namely Deciles Precipitation Index (DPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Surface Water Storage Index (SWSI), Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), Crop Moisture Index (CMI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) were evaluated. The results of this study indicate that the SPI index has a high comparative advantage for drought monitoring. Based on rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, the RDI index is more sensitive to climate change variables than the rainfall-driven SPI index. Also, the PNPI indicator is a dysfunctional method for estimating drought, and drought prediction will have many errors due to this index. The CMI index is also limited to use only in the growing season. Also, it cannot determine the long duration of drought.
zahra masoumi; rezvan hejazi
Abstract
Water accounting is a new science that is organized to provide information on the physical volume of water, water economy, economic considerations of water supply and its use. Water initiatives for business and in business have ballooned in the 2010's because of concerns over increased uncertainty surrounding ...
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Water accounting is a new science that is organized to provide information on the physical volume of water, water economy, economic considerations of water supply and its use. Water initiatives for business and in business have ballooned in the 2010's because of concerns over increased uncertainty surrounding water supplies as well as competing demands. The challenge is how to improve accounting given the lack of available detailed data on which companies can base their business decisions about water scarcity, water surpluses and water management opportunities. Corporate Water Management Accounting is a recently proposed extension to Environmental Management Accounting designed to support corporate management decisions and improve both economic and environmental water-related business outcomes. Water initiatives and current literature focusing on external water reporting is lack water accounting information for decision making. Based on both the literature and gaps in current water initiatives, the paper concludes with a set of specific research issues in corporate water accounting settings along with ways in which water accounting researchers can contribute to the future management of water by businesses. ترجمه و تلخیص از:Christ K.L. and Burritt R.L. 2017. Water management accounting: A framework for corporate practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 152: 379-386. Translate of: Christ K.L. and Burritt R.L. 2017. Water management accounting: A framework for corporate practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 152: 379-386.
MAHSA RAHMANI
Abstract
The scientific community strongly recommends the adoption of indicators for the evaluation and monitoring of progress towards sustainable development. Furthermore, international organizations consider that indicators are powerful decision-making tools. Nevertheless, the quality and reliability of the ...
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The scientific community strongly recommends the adoption of indicators for the evaluation and monitoring of progress towards sustainable development. Furthermore, international organizations consider that indicators are powerful decision-making tools. Nevertheless, the quality and reliability of the indicators depends on the application of adequate and appropriate criteria to assess them. The general objective of this study was to evaluate how indicators related to water use and management perform against a set of sustainability criteria. Our research identified 170 indicators related to water use and management. These indicators were assessed by an international panel of experts that evaluated whether they fulfil the four sustainability criteria: social, economic, environmental, and institutional. We employed an evaluation matrix that classified all indicators according to the DPSIR (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses) framework. A pilot study served to test and approve the research methodology before carrying out the full implementation. The findings of the study show that 24 indicators comply with the majority of the sustainability criteria; 59 indicators are bi-dimensional (meaning that they comply with two sustainability criteria); 86 are one-dimensional indicators (fulfilling just one of the four sustainability criteria) and one indicator do not fulfil any of the sustainability criteria. ترجمه و تلخیص از:Pires A., Morato J., Peixoto H., Botero V., Zuluaga L. and Figueroa A. 2016. Sustainability Assessment of indicators for integrated water resources management. Science of the Total Environment, 578: 139-147.
mohamad davoodabadi; S.Hossein sajadifar; Masoud Kashai
Abstract
The capital stock of Iran's water and wastewater industry is 439 billion Rials and it is one of the most important industries in Iran. The capital asset index is 91% that reveals this industry is capital intensive. Thus regarding the asset management, should be one the long-run strategies of the industry. ...
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The capital stock of Iran's water and wastewater industry is 439 billion Rials and it is one of the most important industries in Iran. The capital asset index is 91% that reveals this industry is capital intensive. Thus regarding the asset management, should be one the long-run strategies of the industry. Considering of huge investments, economic yield, financing the projects, the complicated procedure of production and service operations, and vast and geographical domain of activities, the vulnerability of assets, sustainable and continuous services, beneficiaries and clients, consent for the authorities. The asset management plays an outstanding role in this industry. It observed the lack of serious studies in this field since the water and wastewater companies with modern structure have been formed 25 years ago. for the first time in our country, we started analyzing briefly the asset management based on theoretical basics and then will explain the application of the software, CUPSS designed by united states environmental protection agency for the asset management of water and wastewater industry regarding the properties of production procedure, exploitation, environmental conditions, risk and cost-benefit. the asset management in the process of this software show the effectiveness in managing costs for maintenance, effective utility of asset, management of how to keep and increase the shelf life of assets, priority of critical assets, forecasting financial resources, risk and soon. The subjects present in this article can be by water and wastewater companies' throughout the country in terms of effective and optimum use of capital assets.
