Water Management and Economy
Saeed Morid; Hossein Esmaeelian; Alireza Taheri
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2022
Water Management and Economy
Mohamad Taghi Karbasi Maroof; Hamid Reza Nassery; Farshad Alijani
Abstract
Bar reservoir dam has been constructed in 23 km northwest Neyshabur, to provide the urban drinking water and Neyshabur steel factory water demand. Simulation-optimization model of water resources planning (MODSIM) along with the surface flow time series modeling (SARIMA) were utilized to achieve reliable ...
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Bar reservoir dam has been constructed in 23 km northwest Neyshabur, to provide the urban drinking water and Neyshabur steel factory water demand. Simulation-optimization model of water resources planning (MODSIM) along with the surface flow time series modeling (SARIMA) were utilized to achieve reliable measures for water allocation to forecast the next 10 years (1396-1406). The modeling has been made based on three time-series scenarios of long-term (1348-1396), short-term (recent 10 years 1386-1396), and forecast (next 10 years). The results of the study indicated the appropriate ability of the time series models to simulate river surface run-off. Modeling of water resources planning of the Bar project shows the reliability of water supply based on the long-term time-series information to provide the steel factory and the Neyshabur drinking water demand equal 80% and 74%, respectively. These values are estimated at 59% and 50%, respectively, according to the recent-10-year time series That shows the impact of recent droughts and the need for altering the basin water allocation planning. Changes in reservoir water volume over the last ten years show that in the majority of the months of all years, except for 1388 and 1389, there is no water for allocation in the dam reservoir. Therefore, despite the high reliability of water allocation in the long term, the reliability in the short term is low and indicates high risk to supply water requirements.
Water Management and Economy
Elham Asrari; Mohammd Hosseini
Abstract
Access to safe drinking water is one of the most important human needs and citizenship rights. For this reason, the supply, transmission, treatment, and distribution of sanitary drinking water to meet the water needs of urban and rural subscribers is one of the primary tasks and priorities of any government. ...
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Access to safe drinking water is one of the most important human needs and citizenship rights. For this reason, the supply, transmission, treatment, and distribution of sanitary drinking water to meet the water needs of urban and rural subscribers is one of the primary tasks and priorities of any government. Predicting water demand in water supply and distribution systems will be of great help to managers related to water supply, to manage and prevent crises and water supply planning, service and maintenance of equipment and facilities, culture, information and so on. In this study, a combined method based on neural network methods and bee colony optimization to predict drinking water demand and health of Shiraz is presented. The purpose of this study was to improve the accuracy of water demand forecasting using the neural network method. Parameters considered for modeling water demand forecasts include past information on water demand, air temperature, population, wind, and date. The data used to train the neural network included 10 years from 1988 to 1997. In order to verify and evaluate the performance of the proposed method, water demand in 1998 and April 1999 has been predicted and compared with real statistics. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the proposed method was able to adequately predict water demand. The proposed method has good accuracy and the deviation of the water demand forecast in the worst conditions has reached one percent, which is an acceptable amount. Statistically, the results obtained using the MAPE parameter were compared with previous studies, and from this perspective, the proposed method is reliable and has good efficiency in predicting the water demand of the Shiraz city system.
Water Management and Economy
Somayeh Imani; Mohammad Hossein Niksokhan; Reza Safari Shali
Abstract
Fair, just, and equitable water allocation is one of the key subjects in water resource management and decision-making. Governments state that water allocation policies are just. However, a precise definition of these subjects and their unique applications in water sector are not still clear for researchers ...
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Fair, just, and equitable water allocation is one of the key subjects in water resource management and decision-making. Governments state that water allocation policies are just. However, a precise definition of these subjects and their unique applications in water sector are not still clear for researchers or policy-makers. This study reviews literatures and uses a descriptive and deep analysis of distributive justice in the water resource policies. Therefore, finding the answer to how to distribute justice to environmental resources like water is one of the key steps in water resources studies and policymaking. Its main objective is to introduce a methodology for just environmental resource allocation. Based on the principles of justice, a flowchart is recommended to define the steps and scopes of a just water policy. In addition, the applications of different distributive justice theories and their modern concepts are compared and discussed for water reallocation. Accordingly, the differences would be cleared between equality, difference, equality of opportunity, welfare, deserve, and entitlement for water justice research.
Water Management and Economy
Ameneh Zare; Mehdi Hajamini; Mohammad Ali Feizpour
Abstract
As countries seek higher per capita incomes and economic development, hence water consumption in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors is increasing. Due to the water crises, it is important to study the factors that increase water demand. In this regard, the present paper employs the Logarithmic ...
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As countries seek higher per capita incomes and economic development, hence water consumption in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors is increasing. Due to the water crises, it is important to study the factors that increase water demand. In this regard, the present paper employs the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method to analyze the factors affecting changes in the water demand of Iran’s industries. According to this method, changes in water demand (at a two-digit ISIC level) are divided into three factors economic growth, technical coefficient (inverse productivity), and structure of the industry. In the following, demand decomposition with the variable base year (1997-2001, 2001-2007, 2007-2011, 2011-2017) showed that industrial production has the largest share in increasing water demand and its share has increased from 43% to 80%. On the other hand, the share of water productivity has decreased from 45% to 7%, and the effect is reversed. Changing the structure of the industry also has a somewhat constant share of around 10%. In general, it can be concluded that the increase in industrial production has been the main driving force of the water demand in the industrial sector in Iran. While improving productivity and increasing the share of lower water-intensive industries have not been able to neutralize it, and even their impact has diminished in recent decades. Therefore, a self-sufficient strategy has not been sustainable in terms of water. The current path will lead to an escalation of the water crisis and even a choice between the survival of the industry or the reduction of water stress.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Mohammad Kianpoor kal khajh; Mehdi Pajouhesh; Samad Emamgholizadeh
Abstract
For sustainable land use, it is necessary to reveal the changes in land use and land cover and to identify the factors affecting the changes. The use of remote sensing and GIS provides accurate and systematic information on surface phenomena. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of ...
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For sustainable land use, it is necessary to reveal the changes in land use and land cover and to identify the factors affecting the changes. The use of remote sensing and GIS provides accurate and systematic information on surface phenomena. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the integrated model of automatic cell and Markov chain in simulating and predicting temporal and spatial changes of land use changes and land cover in Gotvand dam area. The Kappa coefficient was 0.92 for 1991, 0.97 for 2008, and 0.93 for 2020. The accuracy of the CA-MARKOV model for predicting changes in the second period was 85%. Pastures form the dominant cover of the study area. Also, pasture and barren lands have been destroyed and reduced in area, and the area of other uses has increased. The results of the change prediction matrix based on the map of 2008 and 2020 showed that between 2020 and 2050, 10.37% of water areas, 21.49% of built-up areas, 44.41% of agricultural lands, 25.85% of Barren lands, 41.10% of pastures and 18.15% of meadows will remain unchanged. The results of revealing the land use map of 2050 showed that 31.2% of water areas, 37.5% of built-up areas, 13.9% of agricultural lands, 32.37% of barren lands and 44.78% of pastures in the studied area. The results show the increase of cultivated area and the development of agricultural lands. Also, the results showed that the increase in population and expansion of urbanization in the region has caused the destruction of pastures.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
Maryam Teymouri Yeganeh
Abstract
Uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water, imbalances between water supply and demand (especially increased water demand due to limited water resources), and high water losses in urban and agricultural water systems have complicated the management of large-scale water resources. Therefore, proper ...
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Uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water, imbalances between water supply and demand (especially increased water demand due to limited water resources), and high water losses in urban and agricultural water systems have complicated the management of large-scale water resources. Therefore, proper control and use of available water resources are essential. Water transfer between basins is an example of the solutions used to address water scarcity, especially in the drinking water sector in arid regions and countries. Hence, it has created various challenges for the sustainable management of basins. The present study, by examining the specifications of 4 inter-basin water transfer projects at the international level, in order to increase awareness about the environmental, economic, and social effects of these projects. The results showed that inter-basin water transfer schemes directly affect the management of the source and destination basin and although in the short term will reduce water shortage problems in the destination basin, in the long term It weakens the environmental, economic, and social conditions in one of the two basins. This issue is especially evident in arid and semi-arid countries where water transfer projects are carried out with the aim of supplying drinking water, agriculture, and industry. For this purpose, it is necessary to apply UNESCO criteria in the implementation of water transfer projects between basins.
Surface and Groundwater Resources
Ata Joodavi; Shiva Gholizadeh Sarabi; Maysam Majidi Khalilabad; Najme Majidi Khalilabad; Abbas Ebrahimi; Azam Ronaghi
Abstract
Groundwater level monitoring networks already exist in most alluvial aquifers in Iran. A question needs to be answered as to what extent networks are able to provide proper information about the groundwater resources to meet the water resources management objectives. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate ...
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Groundwater level monitoring networks already exist in most alluvial aquifers in Iran. A question needs to be answered as to what extent networks are able to provide proper information about the groundwater resources to meet the water resources management objectives. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of the existing monitoring network and redesign it if necessary. This study has attempted to assess the condition of existing observation wells and the relationship between the wells and the aquifer by combining hydrogeological information and the results of a well-video inspection. Hydrogeological studies can reveal that the observation wells were drilled in which hydro-geological sequence (hydrofacies) and the external factors influence water level fluctuations. Moreover, observation well's video inspection operations, performed for the first time in Iran, can show the condition of the well casing and screen and the water-column length. The proposed framework was applied to evaluate the groundwater-level observation well's efficiency in Shirvan alluvial aquifer in North Khorasan province, Iran. The results showed that out of 17 observation wells in the aquifer, one well is not placed into the main aquifer, six observation wells need to be rehabilitated due to screen clogging and three observation wells are at risk of going dry.
Irrigation and Agriculture
Leila Jahangiri; Mohammad Reza Mehrabanigolzar; Mahammad Mehdi Zarrabi
Abstract
Water scarcity has been one of the biggest problems in human life for several decades. , Therefore, planning and managing water consumption is essential to minimize the problem of drought. However, without considering the issues, principles, and patterns suitable for the climate of each region, designing ...
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Water scarcity has been one of the biggest problems in human life for several decades. , Therefore, planning and managing water consumption is essential to minimize the problem of drought. However, without considering the issues, principles, and patterns suitable for the climate of each region, designing urban green spaces would be inefficient. One of the first views created based on sustainable principles is xeriscaping. In recent decades, experts, especially landscape architects have shown interest in xeriscaping, an old approach with a new name, to recover the environmental components of urban landscapes in the face of reducing water consumption and drought. In this regard, this research has sought to find solutions and strategies for xeriscaping and its effectiveness in reducing water consumption using analytical-descriptive methods and an intensive review of the theoretical literature on xeriscaping indicators. For this purpose, first, the literature on the characteristics of xeriscaping was reviewed, then three successful global projects were scrutinized to extract the drought-resistant solutions and measures. Finally, Several responsive measures have been presented to reduce water consumption. The results of this study show that xeriscaping as a suitable strategy can be an alternative to high water-using landscaping.
Irrigation and Agriculture
Jaefar Nikbakht; Zoherh Hamed Kordlar; Hojjat Mokhtari
Abstract
Considering the increase in the production of apartment flowers in the greenhouse, this study was conducted with the objectives of determination of Sedum (Sedum cv. Nevii) evapotranspiration and crop coefficient in greenhouse conditions and the effect of deficit irrigation on shoot fresh weight and water ...
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Considering the increase in the production of apartment flowers in the greenhouse, this study was conducted with the objectives of determination of Sedum (Sedum cv. Nevii) evapotranspiration and crop coefficient in greenhouse conditions and the effect of deficit irrigation on shoot fresh weight and water productivity. The experiment was carried out from July 2017 to January 2018 in the greenhouse of the Green Space and Beautification Office of Urmia Municipality. To determine crop coefficient, Sedum and grass evapotranspiration was measured based on the water volume balance approach for 90 days. Results showed that the average evapotranspiration of Sedum and grass were the same as 2.0 mm/day and the average Sedum crop coefficient was 0.99. Sum evapotranspiration of Sedum and grass during the test period were 180.3 and 179.5 mm (respectively). A deficit irrigation test was done on a completed randomized blocks design with 4 replications. The distance between the blocks and the pots in the blocks was 1m. Irrigation levels were 100% (control treatment), 80%, 60%, and 40% of Sedum water requirement and the pots were irrigated once in 3 days. Based on the results, the effect of irrigation levels on shoot wet and dry weight and water productivity were significant but on the root, wet and dry weight were not significant. A maximum and minimum average of shoot fresh weight were achieved in control and 40% treatments with 92.5 and 33.4 gr (respectively). Maximum water productivity was obtained in 80% treatment with 23.75 gr/lit and its difference with control treatment was not significant.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Ali Reza Radkhah; Soheil Eagderi; Hadi Poorbagher; Esmaeil Sadeghinejad Masouleh
Abstract
The present study was conducted to review the methods of removing microplastics from aquatic environments. According to the literature review, common physical methods for removing microplastics from municipal and industrial effluents include ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane bioreactors. ...
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The present study was conducted to review the methods of removing microplastics from aquatic environments. According to the literature review, common physical methods for removing microplastics from municipal and industrial effluents include ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane bioreactors. Among chemical methods, the use of coagulants and flocculants in the treatment of microplastic wastewater has received more attention. In addition, one of the biological methods in removing microplastics is their removal using green algae and bacteria. The results showed that among the mentioned methods, the application of physical and biological methods has a higher priority due to their ease as well as economic efficiency. Many researchers consider the use of a combination of physical and biological methods to be the best option for removing microplastic wastes from aquatic environments. Due to the importance and application of physical methods in the removal of microplastics from aqueous media, pre-treatment steps and then the use of membrane separation techniques and membrane bioreactors (MBR) along with other treatment processes such as reverse osmosis, can significantly increase the efficiency of treatment methods. In the physical method, which is often membrane filtration, various factors are involved in the removal of microplastics, the most important of which are the properties of the membrane (membrane material, pore size, membrane thickness, surface properties) as well as the characteristics of the effluent (shape, size, mass, chemical composition, and concentration).
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Hassan Ranjbar; Reza Bagheri; Nafise Salak; Sara Vosoughi
Abstract
Investigation and monitoring of drinking water pollution is an important parameter for public health and environmental health studies and it is necessary to study it from different aspects. One of the most important aspects is to study the presence of various radionuclides in the water that emit alpha, ...
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Investigation and monitoring of drinking water pollution is an important parameter for public health and environmental health studies and it is necessary to study it from different aspects. One of the most important aspects is to study the presence of various radionuclides in the water that emit alpha, beta, and gamma rays when their nuclei decay. The aim of this study was to investigate the radiological quality of water by measuring the concentration of gross alpha and beta activity in water resources of Hormozgan province. For this purpose, screening of 30 water samples from different water sources of Hormozgan province was performed by liquid scintillation method using a 1220 Quantulus liquid scintillation counter (LSC). The results of the analysis showed the activity concentration of gross alpha ranges from 48 mBq/l to 296 mBq/l with a mean of 166.2 mBq/l. the activity concentration of gross beta in the samples ranged from 65 mBq/l to 729 mBq/l with a mean of 460.3 mBq/l. The results showed that the gross alpha and beta radioactivity concentration in all waters was lower than the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, which is 500 mBq/l and 1000 mBq/l, respectively also waters are radiologically healthy.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
Morteza Faghihi; AliAkbar Asgharinezhad; Mohsen Esmaeilpour
Abstract
The issue of water consumption in the world has been raised as a vital issue in recent decades. Membrane technology is one of the optimal methods to replace thermal methods for freshwater production. Among the methods of desalination and water production, the reverse osmosis membrane method invented ...
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The issue of water consumption in the world has been raised as a vital issue in recent decades. Membrane technology is one of the optimal methods to replace thermal methods for freshwater production. Among the methods of desalination and water production, the reverse osmosis membrane method invented in recent decades has quickly found its place in the industry. Today, about half of the world's freshwater production capacity is provided by reverse osmosis membrane technology. The main part of the reverse osmosis process is the membrane, which is generally made of a polymeric material. The fabrication of these polymer membranes and the optimization of their formulations and properties have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, and their results have been commercialized in some large companies. Due to the importance of this issue in various industries, including power plants, in this article, a review of reverse osmosis membrane synthesis methods has been done. Also, the optimal synthesis method, which is the interfacial polymerization method, is introduced and some points are provided in this regard. Older methods, including cellulose acetate casting, were first used by researchers. However, due to the challenges of these old methods, researchers developed the interfacial polymerization method by making a thin film composite with polyamide material as the main component of the reverse osmosis membrane.
Water Management and Economy
mojtaba Shafiei; Shiva Gholizadeh Sarbi; Ata Joodavi; Maysam Majidi; Fateme Ghobadi Hamzehkhani
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2022, Pages 127-134
Abstract
Data and information are the key basis for decision- and policy-making in water resources management as well as coping with contemporary challenges of climate change. In Iran, there is significant knowledge gap between data preparators (experts) and data users (policy-makers). Although there are various ...
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Data and information are the key basis for decision- and policy-making in water resources management as well as coping with contemporary challenges of climate change. In Iran, there is significant knowledge gap between data preparators (experts) and data users (policy-makers). Although there are various and many types of data collected regularly, but there are still deficiencies in data processes, producing required information for managers, disseminating and reliable access to information. In this vein, developing digital water resources Atlases and analyzing their related experiences can play an important role in providing capacities to disseminate useful information and enhancing water governance. The main aim of this study is to provide concepts and experiences in developing digital water resources Atlas in Iran. Furthermore, this note is reviewing the history of developing water Atlas in Iran, analyzing the macro-level documents and evaluating critical challenges in this regard. Finally, the vision and main strategies of developing water resources Atlas in Iran are suggested.
Water Management and Economy
nafise seyednezhad; Mohammad Salimi Gol Sheikhi; Reza Barati
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2022, Pages 135-137
Abstract
Urban issues are among the issues that are affected by various factors and should be examined from different perspectives. One of the problems of Mashhad city is the dire condition of the Kashaf Rood river. This river passes through the north of Mashhad and has an important history. The course of this ...
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Urban issues are among the issues that are affected by various factors and should be examined from different perspectives. One of the problems of Mashhad city is the dire condition of the Kashaf Rood river. This river passes through the north of Mashhad and has an important history. The course of this river once played the role of the Silk Road and was a civilization builder, but as a result of neglect, it has become a place for the disposal of industrial waste water and animal and human waste, and has caused various social, health, economic, cultural, etc. damage to the river's surroundings. . This river can be an important source for the prosperity of agriculture, industries, and tourism, but its capacities have been less addressed and generally it has been raised with a threat-oriented view, such as the flow of dangerous urban sewage and its use for unhealthy urban agricultural production. On the other hand, considering the increasing climatic, cultural, economic, etc. changes, it is necessary to explain the current and future issues related to this river with a comprehensive view by researchers, elites and concerned people. Also, solving the problems of the Kashfroud tributary requires the activation of the local community so that responsibility towards the fate of the resulting river and as a result of collective action occurs. The purpose of this note is to introduce and present a suitable mechanism for discussion regarding the determination of the network of issues of revitalization of the Kashaf Rood River in the form of a series of discussion meetings with elites, experts and officials.
Water Management and Economy
samane Tavakoli aminian; seyede saeede Sherafat
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2022, Pages 138-141
Abstract
Most of Iran's cities are located in geographical areas with severe water resource limitations. The development of cities for various reasons has caused an increase in water demand and the need to supply water to cities is increasing day by day. So far, this increase in demand has been answered due to ...
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Most of Iran's cities are located in geographical areas with severe water resource limitations. The development of cities for various reasons has caused an increase in water demand and the need to supply water to cities is increasing day by day. So far, this increase in demand has been answered due to the focus on the water supply approach, mostly through solutions such as transferring water from extra-basin sources and excessive withdrawals from aquifers; which has led to the destruction of water resources and the reduction of supply capacity. Therefore, dealing with this crisis and adapting to water scarcity requires a fundamental change in urban development policy and water management in cities. And this importance cannot be achieved except by changing the direction of water management from supply management to demand management. In this regard, in order to solve this challenge, the participation of all creditors including policy makers and decision makers, citizens, media, private sector and governmental and non-governmental institutions is needed. In this regard, the idea of "water-sensitive city" is proposed as a platform to attract the participation of all borrowers with the aim of sensitizing and changing their mental conditions and using all the communication and social capacities of the society in the way of water consumption management.
Research Department of ABFA
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2022, Pages 142-142
Abstract
Research group of Mashhad Water and Sewerage Company, according to the procedure of every year and in order to solve the challenges related to the water and sewage industry by conducting applied researches, has determined the research priorities of 1401 in the form of two groups of research and technological ...
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Research group of Mashhad Water and Sewerage Company, according to the procedure of every year and in order to solve the challenges related to the water and sewage industry by conducting applied researches, has determined the research priorities of 1401 in the form of two groups of research and technological priorities. In this regard, these priorities are announced as described in the list below. Therefore, all faculty members of universities and research institutes, postgraduate students, inventors, technology units, knowledge-based companies and all researchers in the field of water and sewage are invited to cooperate in the research and technology projects of this company. Those interested can register in the comprehensive research software system (researcher) and submit a proposal while visiting the research portal of Mashhad Water and Wastewater Company and knowing the research priorities.Abfa Mashhad research portal address: https://rd.abfamashhad.irAbfa Mashhad researcher system address: https://research.abfamashhad.ir
