bijan ghahraman; mohamad fazeli
Abstract
Editorial: The New Science of Social Hydrology: People and Water Bijan Ghahraman / Editor of the magazine Short note: Water, Society and Social Sciences Mohammad Fazeli / Head of the Center for Social Affairs of Water and Energy Resources of the Ministry of Energy
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Editorial: The New Science of Social Hydrology: People and Water Bijan Ghahraman / Editor of the magazine Short note: Water, Society and Social Sciences Mohammad Fazeli / Head of the Center for Social Affairs of Water and Energy Resources of the Ministry of Energy
mohammad arab; ahmad fatahi ardakani; masoud fehresti sani
Abstract
In this study, the socio-environmental and environmental impacts of insufficient supply of water from the Mamlou dam have been investigated from the viewpoint of farmers in the Varamin plain. Moreover, the actions taken by the farmers to tackle this problem has been evaluated using the Likert scale. ...
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In this study, the socio-environmental and environmental impacts of insufficient supply of water from the Mamlou dam have been investigated from the viewpoint of farmers in the Varamin plain. Moreover, the actions taken by the farmers to tackle this problem has been evaluated using the Likert scale. Accordingly, the effects of the impact on farmers were classified as: very low (1), low (2), somewhat (3), high (4), and very high (5). A 4-stage cluster sampling was done randomly. This research was carried out in 1395 with 320 questionnaires which were extracted and analysed through the Excel software. The results showed that on average the maximum and minimum effect of the insufficient supply of water from the farmers' point of view was to reduce the cultivars (4.4) and land subsidence (1.8), respectively. This view is due to the farmers' lack of awareness of the negative environmental impacts of water scarcity. By investigating the measures taken by the farmers to deal with water scarcity, it was determined that modern irrigation (1.25%) and alteration of cultivars (1.5%) were the least actions taken by farmers to deal with the lack of adequate supply of water in the Varamin Plain. The reason for the decline in the desire to use modern irrigation systems for farmers is the high cost of implementing a modern irrigation system and the robustness of the banking and administrative system to provide facilities for mechanisation of agriculture.
Elahe Vaseghi; Mohammad Reza Zare Mehrjerdi; Simin Mohseni
Abstract
Knowing the factors affecting water demand is essential for the management of demand, which will become better through analysis of consumer reactions to price and income changes. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting water consumption and calculate the price and income elasticity ...
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Knowing the factors affecting water demand is essential for the management of demand, which will become better through analysis of consumer reactions to price and income changes. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting water consumption and calculate the price and income elasticity of sample households in the Anar city located in Kerman province. To achieve this goal, 120 questionnaires were completed by sample households in 2015. According to the results of the estimated logarithmic models, variables such as price, income, age, education, and the number of bathrooms and toilettes were identified as the factors affecting indoor water consumptions. Also, variables including price, income, number of taps, number of cars, and the number of pots were identified as the factors affecting outdoor water consumptions. The estimated price and income elasticity are indicative of the low elasticity of water demand compared to current prices and household income. Moreover, results indicate that the price and income elasticity of indoor consumptions are less than price and income elasticity of outdoor consumptions. Residential water demand, Indoor and outdoor consumptions, Price elasticity, Income elasticity, City of Anar.
Seyed Ali Chavoshian; Morteza Bayat; seyedhossein sajadifar
Abstract
Public-pivate partnership contracts are considered as effective tools for taking advantage of the technical, executive, managerial, and financial resources of the private sector potentials in order to construct and develop infrastructures. One of the most important and common types of public-private ...
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Public-pivate partnership contracts are considered as effective tools for taking advantage of the technical, executive, managerial, and financial resources of the private sector potentials in order to construct and develop infrastructures. One of the most important and common types of public-private partnership are BOT contracts. Identifying the decision-making variables in the contractual model appropriately is vital in the contract's success and in achieving the expected objectives of the stakeholders. The price of products in BOT contracts is the main decision-making variable that the project stakeholders have contradictory preferences. The variety of effective parameters that influence product prices in BOT projects, including uncertainty and their dependencies and interactions, complicates the decision making process. This reveals the necessity of a systematic approach and applying a mathematical model for solving the problems. In this paper, the most common methods for determining product prices in BOT projects is reviewed. A new system dynamics model is provided to determine the product price of BOT contracts from the viewpoint of the project investor. The proposed techniques are not limited to water and wastewater sector projects but also could be used in other BOT projects of the industrial sector.
mohsen azizi; ali shahidi
Abstract
The chemical and microbiological quality of Birjand's underground water sources are lower than the desirable range of water quality indicators due to the geological structure of the area, the high thickness of the alluvial deposits on which the city is located, and the continuous and increasing harvesting ...
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The chemical and microbiological quality of Birjand's underground water sources are lower than the desirable range of water quality indicators due to the geological structure of the area, the high thickness of the alluvial deposits on which the city is located, and the continuous and increasing harvesting of these sources as a result of population growth. In this research, along with the introduction of the Birjand Drinking Water Refinery, an economic analysis is presented regarding the initial capital of construction and monthly maintenance and management of this refinery. The raw water entering the Birjand refinery, which is supplied from underground water sources, has an excess amount of chromium, hardness, and salinity. In the design of the refinery process, two main methods of hardness removal via reactor pellet and filter membrane using Nano-filter and reverse osmosis techniques were used to simultaneously remove sulfate and heavy metals, convert chromium VI to III, and eliminate the possible contaminations. Using the water reactor pellet technology reduces the purification effluent from 160 to 50 liters per second, which is a unique difference between the Birjand refinery and other refineries.
afshin uossef gomrokchi; Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi
Abstract
In recent years, energy costs have had a greater increase compared to other agricultural expenditures. Revising the conditions of agricultural pumping stations, their energy consumption, and using new methods to improve efficiency have an important role in saving energy. In this study, the methodology ...
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In recent years, energy costs have had a greater increase compared to other agricultural expenditures. Revising the conditions of agricultural pumping stations, their energy consumption, and using new methods to improve efficiency have an important role in saving energy. In this study, the methodology of determining energy efficiency in agricultural pumping stations is investigated. The energy efficiency of the pumping station is studied according to three factors of: inherent efficiency of the pump, the energy consumption efficiency from input and output power differences, and the potential efficiency differences due to the level of similarity of the pump characteristic curve with the system resistance curve. The evaluation of the pump energy and operation efficiency, on a case study, indicates that the pump is operating at the optimum performance based on the results of the comparison between the measured values of discharge and the pump operation curve. However, the energy efficiency index was 25% during pump operation and the energy consumption efficiency from input and output power differences based on the Nebraska pumping criteria was 52% due to the mismatch of the pump characteristic curve with the system resistance curve. Results show that the total efficiency of the consumed energy in the pumping station, based on the aforementioned factors, is estimated at 11% where the greatest amount of energy losses in the studied system was due to the wrong pump selection.
vahid shahabizad; Abbas sotoodehnia; Alireza Hassanoghli
Abstract
The inverse solution method is a method in which the required parameters are indirectly determined numerically by solving the equations. Various methods are available to estimate the effective porosity (f) and the soil hydraulic conductivity (k). The inverse technique is one of the most efficient methods ...
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The inverse solution method is a method in which the required parameters are indirectly determined numerically by solving the equations. Various methods are available to estimate the effective porosity (f) and the soil hydraulic conductivity (k). The inverse technique is one of the most efficient methods for estimating these coefficients.Therefore, determination of these parameters for actual conditions in drainage experimental fields was investigated using the measured values of some indicators and application of the inverse solution method. The volume of outlet water from drainage pipes and the variation in water table height were measured in 24-hour periods for 3 irrigation intervals in the Shadegan plain subsurface drainage system. With the drop in the water table, f was measured with the Taylor method and k was estimated with Skaggs method. The variations of f and k with water table depth (z) were determined. The arithmetic mean of f and k were calculated equal to 0.0118 m3/m3 and 0.3055 m/d, respectively. The weighted average of f and k with weight of z were 0.0116 m3/m3 and 0.2392 m/d, respectively. Also, using the concept of average function, f and k according to z were estimated equal to 0.0117 m3/m3 and 0.3093 m/d, respectively. To evaluate the values of F and k, the distance between specific drainage was calculated using the modified Glover equation. The results showed that when the water table is near the ground surface, the k value is dependent on several factors and k is not only a fuction of z. With increasing z, the values of f partially and k significantly decreased. The proposed inverse solution technique is a simple and convenient method for estimating f and k. The main advantage of this method is using the actual scale of the soil, as well as its heterogeneity and anisotropy.
Nader Heydari
Abstract
The agricultural sector is one of the important economic sectors which will be affected by the climate change phenomena. On the other hand, the different activities in this sector will effect the development of climate change in the world, mainly through the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. ...
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The agricultural sector is one of the important economic sectors which will be affected by the climate change phenomena. On the other hand, the different activities in this sector will effect the development of climate change in the world, mainly through the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are two approaches on fronting climate change. These two are “Adaptation” and “Mitigation” methods. Mitigation deals with reducing the GHGs, while in adaptation the aim is to ameliorate the unwanted impacts of climate change through a wide range of approaches and measures. This paper provides an analytical review of the literature on the subject of mitigation of climate change in the agricultural sector. Based on the results, the basic approaches of mitigation in agriculture can be identified as seven factors: 1. land use, 2. crop residue and land preparation practices, 3. policies and measures of water management, 4. irrigated agriculture and irrigation development, 5. crop residue management and conservation agriculture, 6. land drainage, and 7. green economy issues. This paper also investigates the importance of climate change mitigation and its legislation into the laws and policies of Iran (mainly the Fifth and Sixth National Development Plans). Overall, it could be concluded that the climate change measures and approaches should be implemented in an integrated manner, otherwise some of these measures, e.g., conservation agriculture, may act in two direction i.e., not in favour of climate change mitigation.
Negin Binesh; Mohammad Hossein Niksokhan; Amin Sarang
Abstract
Nowadays, resilience has become increasingly important as a novel approach for enhancing preparedness, increasing the adaptability in coping with flood occurrence, and decreasing the vulnerability of flood-prone communities due to undesirable effects of floods in urban catchments. Resiliency refers to ...
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Nowadays, resilience has become increasingly important as a novel approach for enhancing preparedness, increasing the adaptability in coping with flood occurrence, and decreasing the vulnerability of flood-prone communities due to undesirable effects of floods in urban catchments. Resiliency refers to the ability of a system to absorb and recover from a disruption. Despite the significant advances in achieving a sustainable urban water management worldwide, urban drainage systems are progressively being threatened by future uncertain drivers. Therefore today, making urban drainage systems resilient to floods has become an essential task around the world in order to increase the long-term sustainability of urban communities. After an introduction to the resilience concept and its applicability in the context of water resources infrastructures, this paper discusses the urban drainage system resilience under the effects of future uncertain conditions (due to climate change and urban development), and investigates quantifying such systems’ resistance to flooding. The paper reviews some important researches on the subject, and discusses the appropriate methods related to applying the resilience approach to integrated urban drainage management. Finally, conclusions will be offered according to presented discussions, the necessity of using an integrated perspective in managing urban runoff and floods, paying attention to sustainability criteria, and also the necessity of taking preferences into account in decision making on using sustainable drainage techniques, considering the condition of the studied region will be emphasised.
abbas lai ghezelsofloo; mohsen maghrebi; farzaneh daroughe
Abstract
The gully erosion is one of several water erosions which their expansion causes significant changes in terms of land, land degradation, and destruction of the environment. To study the diversity and expansion of gullies and the development of gully erosion from one place to another, remote sensing and ...
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The gully erosion is one of several water erosions which their expansion causes significant changes in terms of land, land degradation, and destruction of the environment. To study the diversity and expansion of gullies and the development of gully erosion from one place to another, remote sensing and geographical information systems were used. To achieve the current research objectives, the spatial and temporal extent of gully erosion and expansion of the eroded areas were investigated using the Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images with a resolution of 30 m in the period of 2001 (1380) and 2014 (1393). The spatial resolution has been enhanced from 30 m to 15 m using the band PAN (15 meters) and technique Resolution merge. This method was applied to all bands and pictures for two different time periods. The results from combining two layers of waterways, in the period of 13 years, applied on the Shordareh basin located in Golestan province, showed an increase in the length of the gully and the drainage density of sub-basins. The erosion rate in the assumed period is estimated at 0.99 meters per year. The gully expansion is directly related to the geological formations, land use, and other human activities such as unprincipled construction of rural and inland roads.
mahboobeh hajibigloo; vahedberdi sheikh
Abstract
Flood risk management is a comprehensive approach which includes various evaluation indicators in river basins, it is an effective and sustainable but complex method. Flood risk assessment provides valuable information to assess vulnerability and exposure to hazard. For assessing the flood risk in river ...
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Flood risk management is a comprehensive approach which includes various evaluation indicators in river basins, it is an effective and sustainable but complex method. Flood risk assessment provides valuable information to assess vulnerability and exposure to hazard. For assessing the flood risk in river basins, several models such as RF, DSS, ANN, RFM, SVM, and GA are used to study the effective parameters of flood risk which have been used in different watersheds for the determination of the importance of these indicators. Determining a suitable model for use on the basin scale requires the consideration of the model suitability for the basin local conditions, data requirements, model complexity, accuracy and validity of the model, model hypothesis, spatial and temporal variation of the model, model components, and user target. In general, there is no model suitable for all conditions. Problems related to the inability to identify, the lack of uniqueness of the model, and the physical incomprehensibility of calibration parameters are some of the issues that are caused by the application of distributive and physical models. These issues also exist in complex conceptual models. To meet the growing needs of field administrators, it is necessary to have tools that can be fully used to investigate the spatial distribution of floods and the transport of river materials. As a general and practical rule, the development of distributed models with a relatively low physical complexity is recommended.
Alireza Mohammadi; Tooba Chahartangeh
Abstract
Implementing large civil projects such as dam construction can considerably affect geographical areas, and these impacts are not necessarily positive. Therefore, attention to this problem to decrease the negative effects of dam construction and considering these effects in the assessment of benefits ...
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Implementing large civil projects such as dam construction can considerably affect geographical areas, and these impacts are not necessarily positive. Therefore, attention to this problem to decrease the negative effects of dam construction and considering these effects in the assessment of benefits and costs in water sector planning is necessary. This study aims to measure the effects of Karun-3 dam's construction on the environment, society, economy, and the body of Izeh city. This investigation is a descriptive-analytical research. The territory of study is the Izeh city located in Khuzestan province. The statistical population of the study consists of experts, specialists, and regional development experts who live in city of Izeh. To measure the effects, a researcher-made questionnaire has been used. The sample volume is calculated as 375 people using the Cochrane method which are questioned by the available random method. Central statistics and bionomial tests were used to describe, analyse, and determine the correlation between independent and dependent variables. The results show that implementing Karun-3 dam had negative effects on the environment, society, and economy with correlation values of 0.77, 0.63, and 0.56, respectively. However, the effects of dam construction on physical component were low, with the value of 0.15.
Ghasem Panahi; Kazem Esmaili
Abstract
Control and collection of flood runoffs are one of the most important and fundamental issues in the watershed management which is more important in cities due to urban development and significant changes in the natural pattern of the watershed. In many countries, traditional urban flood management approaches ...
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Control and collection of flood runoffs are one of the most important and fundamental issues in the watershed management which is more important in cities due to urban development and significant changes in the natural pattern of the watershed. In many countries, traditional urban flood management approaches have focused on the collection, transport, and dispose of the flood runoffs. Nowadays, a modern approach in urban flood management is recommended which relies on methods that best fit the natural cycle of surface water processes, namely "low-impact development" methods. Using this method as one of the key strategies in urban flood management, especially in developed countries, is becoming more important. In Iran, due to the growth of urbanisation and the formation of large cities, urban flood management has growing importance. Therefore, large investments have been made on urban flood management with a traditional approach by creating a variety of structures for flood collection and disposal, and less attention has been paid to low-impact development methods. In this study, low-impact development methods are introduced and already implemented procedures and their role in urban flood management are expressed. Moreover, the best management solutions for different regions of Iran are introduced.
Iman Sane; Bahram Saghafian
Abstract
Water balance models are generally based on mass continuity and the hydrologic cycle of water in the natural environment. Monthly water balance models evaluate the importance of various hydrological parameters under diverse hydrological conditions. As water balance models are becoming widespread, there ...
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Water balance models are generally based on mass continuity and the hydrologic cycle of water in the natural environment. Monthly water balance models evaluate the importance of various hydrological parameters under diverse hydrological conditions. As water balance models are becoming widespread, there is a significant effort devoted to the development of these models towards estimating the hydrological components of the basin. Different models and algorithms consider various parameters which range from relatively complex conceptual models for dry areas to very simple models for areas with temperate climates. Therefore, it is essential that these models be closely and precisely analysed, and ultimately, reviewed. Generally, rainfall data have long been recorded, but discharge data are often scarce. Therefore, the need to estimate the discharge of rivers resulted from rainfalls has motivated a great number of research in this area of study. In this paper, parameter naming in different models has been homogenised, presenting a clearer image of similarities and differences among different models. The overall framework of the models is similar and inspired by the Thornth Waite model. The input parameters are precipitation and temperature, and the output is the monthly runoff of the basin. All models include soil water storage capacity, evapotranspiration, and runoff. However, some of the models consist of water storage capacity layers, separation of rain and snow, groundwater storage, and base discharge. These differences in the number of parameters distinguish the models from each other.
zahra noori; Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki
Abstract
Low rainfall with poor temporal and spatial distribution, scarcity of water resources, and the increasing demand for water are major problems in arid and semiarid regions. The efficient use of water resources and efforts to achieve new water sources are two main solutions to slightly overcome these problems. ...
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Low rainfall with poor temporal and spatial distribution, scarcity of water resources, and the increasing demand for water are major problems in arid and semiarid regions. The efficient use of water resources and efforts to achieve new water sources are two main solutions to slightly overcome these problems. Among these, rainwater harvesting is one of the most prominent methods for rainwater management to confront the scarcity of water that is rapidly developing in many areas. Due to the variety and extent of rainwater harvesting methods, characteristics such as the amount of rainfall and its distribution, topography, soil type, soil depth, social and economic factors, as well as the water consumption in each area must be considered when selecting the appropriate method. In this paper, firstly, the factors affecting the selection and design of each rainwater harvesting method is studied that includes natural factors such as weather conditions, topography, runoff, and the technical, economic, social, and organisational factors. Then, the different methods of rainwater harvesting systems including microcatchment, macrocatchment, and rooftop rainwater harvesting systems are expressed in detail.
khadijeh Bouzarjomehri; Somayeh khatami
Abstract
In arid lands where agriculture is dependent on irrigation, water shortage has been one of the main motivations for many innovations, such as Qanats, which play an important role in maintaining and developing civilisation on the Iranian plateau. What is known today as sustainable development, was actually ...
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In arid lands where agriculture is dependent on irrigation, water shortage has been one of the main motivations for many innovations, such as Qanats, which play an important role in maintaining and developing civilisation on the Iranian plateau. What is known today as sustainable development, was actually understood and applied by our ancestors. Their method of sustainable use of water resources from these areas can be a good example to solve recent crises. The present research aims to answer the question of how and under what conditions a Qanat was able to cause human adaptation to nature and sustainable balance? To this end, the current research is carried out using qualitative content analysis and the MAXQDA software. The study area is the Zarch Qanat located in a large area of Yazd province. The study population includes 16 specialists in Qanat. The results indicate that all aspects of the indigenous knowledge of Qanat have been established based on natural features in order to achieve economic goals. Through this development, a social system was established which shows the existence of local planning in line with sustainable development.
Seyed Hossein Hosseini; hasan yousofi
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the power of any country to regulate, allocate, and control water resources depends primarily on the existence of a legal framework to manage and protect water resources. The rules and approaches to protect water rights in many countries, including Iran, are often complex and dispersed, ...
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Undoubtedly, the power of any country to regulate, allocate, and control water resources depends primarily on the existence of a legal framework to manage and protect water resources. The rules and approaches to protect water rights in many countries, including Iran, are often complex and dispersed, and are very far from the modern modes of water management. The criminal protection of water rights has been sporadically observed in the laws of Iran, both before and after the Islamic Revolution. These regulations do not provide the opportunity for the public to have a fair share of water resources. On the other hand, they do not prevent the commission of abusive behaviours against the water resources, and maybe these laws have somehow intensified the water crisis in the country. Iran's comprehensive water legislation, followed within the framework of the constitution and general policies of the system, with regards to the economy, security, and political value of water, aims to solve the existing challenges and is committed to the effective protection of water rights.
shakiba mirzaie
Water Sustainability Development
Abstract
Establishment of Technology Management Committee: Supporting the development and production of knowledge-based products, researcher system and research sub-portal, compiling and publishing a research letter, compiling a research card
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Establishment of Technology Management Committee: Supporting the development and production of knowledge-based products, researcher system and research sub-portal, compiling and publishing a research letter, compiling a research card
