Water Management and Economy
K. Esmaili; H. Noori; A. Najafinejad
Volume 10, Issue 3 , December 2023
Abstract
Editorial and Short Notes
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Editorial and Short Notes
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
M. Maham
Abstract
Flood governance is one of the main sub-branches of land use planning in the ecosystem dependent on groundwater. Social understanding of natural phenomena is an important variable in planning and policymaking. Territorial changes over time create biological-terrestrial heritage for societies. The delay ...
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Flood governance is one of the main sub-branches of land use planning in the ecosystem dependent on groundwater. Social understanding of natural phenomena is an important variable in planning and policymaking. Territorial changes over time create biological-terrestrial heritage for societies. The delay characteristic of being flooded on the plateau of Iran created water reservoirs, and therefore, special ecosystem services. In fact, the shape, structure, and function of urban, rural, and nomadic biological complexes are related to each other and to these biological characteristics, including the natural nexus between mountains and plains, alluvial cones, and flood plains. Criticism and negation of modernization programs in the development of the country and the occurrence of the Islamic revolution in Iran brought the issue of how to intervene in the land to the institution of construction jihad. Kowsar's research-executive project, which is a model of intervention in the land and flood biology-ecology based on the coupling of the land with underground water, was able to achieve continuous and long-term experiences in three scientific-institutional-political layers with the cooperation of several the strain (socio-ecological) and identification of the flood as an irreplaceable biological and territorial feature for sustainable life. From another point of view, a new method of intervention was experienced in flood bio-ecology, in which trans-sectoral perspective and biophysical-social approach replaced sectoral perspective and physical approach. The foresight of flood governance depends on the rethinking of biophysical-social experiences (land use planning).
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
M. Oskouhi; K. Esmaili; A. N. Ziaei
Abstract
Flood governance and risk management involve measures and strategies aimed at reducing the risk of floods and managing their impacts. This process includes identifying and evaluating risks, planning and prevention, readiness for response and performance in crisis situations, effective and rapid response ...
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Flood governance and risk management involve measures and strategies aimed at reducing the risk of floods and managing their impacts. This process includes identifying and evaluating risks, planning and prevention, readiness for response and performance in crisis situations, effective and rapid response to floods, and constructive measures and continuous improvement. The main approach of this research is based on five themes related to various issues related to flood risk management, which include stakeholder engagement, policies and action, research on practice, supporting tools, governance, and frameworks. The study of flood risk management has experienced significant developments over the past two decades. Attention to the application of flood risk management and comparative analysis of flood governance in flood management studies has been undertaken, which means creating a complex arrangement that shapes the behavior of governance and social actors regarding flood risk management. Based on the results of the review of research sources, the main structures of flood risk management and flood governance studies are strongly interrelated but also differ in their main structures, which are evident in the discovered keywords in the analysis. The articles were codified based on the main topics in MAXQDA software, and then the complete sets of codes in all reviewed articles were examined. The findings of the research show that improving flood resilience requires extensive efforts in the fields of physical and social sciences. Researchers should, for flood forecasting and modeling, in addition to the physical sciences, develop social science tools. These actions can help improve the planning and management of flood crises and reduce their social and economic effects.
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
S. M. Taheri; A. Mosaedi
Abstract
Flood management is a technique and strategy to reduce the risk and damage caused by floods, and it specifies the necessity of using efficient solutions through short-term and long-term plans to minimize losses and damages during an accident. Effective flood management requires a coordinated and integrated ...
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Flood management is a technique and strategy to reduce the risk and damage caused by floods, and it specifies the necessity of using efficient solutions through short-term and long-term plans to minimize losses and damages during an accident. Effective flood management requires a coordinated and integrated system for dealing with this natural phenomenon. In this article, the causes of floods and corrective strategies for structural and non-structural (defensive structures, forecasting, rescue operations, and determining residential areas) flood control and integrated flood management are explained. Also, by examining flood risk management strategies in France, England, Netherlands, and Malaysia, flood governance measures in Iran are explained through five approaches of prevention, defense measures, reduction of event effects, disaster preparedness, and recovery, and organizational and non-organizational bodies and institutions effective in risk management are determined. Finally, the factors that aggravate the flood damage in Iran, the legal and practical challenges related to the river bed, and the legal vacuum of universal flood insurance are discussed.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
D. Amin Fanak; R. Rezaei; Z. Kahrizi
Abstract
Protecting and revitalizing wetlands and other water areas requires the participation of all stakeholders, especially water exploiters and local communities. Based on this fact, the present descriptive-analytical research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the barriers to farmers' ...
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Protecting and revitalizing wetlands and other water areas requires the participation of all stakeholders, especially water exploiters and local communities. Based on this fact, the present descriptive-analytical research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the barriers to farmers' participation in the revitalization of Lake Urmia. The statistical population of the research consisted of 7100 farmers in the Mahabad sub-basin (one of the sub-basins of Lake Urmia); out of them, 364 cases were selected as the sample using random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the barriers to the participation of farmers in the revival of Lake Urmia can be categorized in the form of seven factors, including the lack of awareness of organizations regarding the concept of participation, economic barriers and infrastructural weakness, centralized and inappropriate management, political issues and legal weakness, cognitive and educational barriers, weak communication, low social capital, and weak motivation of users. These seven factors could account for 65.9% of the variance in barriers to participation. Furthermore, the results of the prioritization of these factors revealed that economic barriers and infrastructure weakness, political issues and legal weakness, and lack of awareness of organizations regarding the concept of participation were more important in comparison to the other barriers. Thus, it is recommended that any program planning decision-making on the revival of Lake Urmia be aligned with an emphasis on removing these barriers.
Water Management and Economy
M. Khani; H. Hoveidi; A. R. Yavari,; M. R. Khani
Abstract
Proper management and planning of water resources in their operation, distribution, and revitalization play an important role in sustainable development. This issue is of much higher importance in countries located in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. Because it is inevitable ...
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Proper management and planning of water resources in their operation, distribution, and revitalization play an important role in sustainable development. This issue is of much higher importance in countries located in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. Because it is inevitable to return and use indigenous technologies and knowledge and update them alongside modern technologies to achieve sustainable development, this research utilizes an extensive study of literature from internal and external sources and exploratory factor analysis to identify and assess the most important criteria or applicable factors of indigenous knowledge relevant to water resources planning and management in Yazd Province. Due to the high importance of the issue, attempts were made to use experienced and relevant faculty members from certain universities, as well as experts and specialists from all relevant organizations in Yazd Province. The results showed that six criteria—protection and stability, integrated management, holistic (comprehensive) approach, cost-effectiveness, compatibility, and dynamism—are found to be more important than others for the area. In the second step of this research, by means of BWM and creating a linear programming model, six principal factors were weighted, and their optimal weights were obtained. The integrated management criterion has the highest weight (0.413), and the holistic approach criterion has the lowest weight (0.048). Moreover, the protection and stability criteria and the cost-effectiveness criteria jointly rank second with a weight of 0.168, and the criteria of compatibility (0.119) and dynamism (0.084), respectively, rank third and fourth.
Water Management and Economy
S. Safarpour; M. Maddah
Abstract
Water is important as a prerequisite for the development and survival of the human race and plays a fundamental role in providing and achieving the social, economic, and environmental goals and priorities of any country. With the continuation of the unfavorable trend of the situation of water resources ...
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Water is important as a prerequisite for the development and survival of the human race and plays a fundamental role in providing and achieving the social, economic, and environmental goals and priorities of any country. With the continuation of the unfavorable trend of the situation of water resources in the world and the prediction of the continuation of the water crisis, the problem of water shortage is continuously increasing. In this framework, this article tries to identify the factors affecting it by examining the various dimensions of water poverty, including driving forces, pressure, states, and impact, using the structural equation modeling approach - partial least squares method (PLS-SEM) in 2019. The results of the estimation of the model show that, firstly, the driving forces have a positive and significant effect on the pressure structures and the impact of water poverty at the level of the provinces of the country. Secondly, the pressure structure has a negative and significant effect on the state of water poverty. Thirdly, the structure of the states, which expresses environmental changes, has a negative and significant effect on the impacts of water poverty. Also, among the factors affecting water poverty in 2019, the variables are the number of doctors per ten thousand people with a coefficient of 0.934, the ratio of irrigated land to total cultivated land with a coefficient of 0.893, total drinking water consumption with a coefficient of 0.888, and desert phenomena with a coefficient of 1 are the most important influencing factors.
Water Management and Economy
M. R. Alikhani; R. Moeini
Abstract
Improving the lifestyle of city residents is conditional on benefiting from high-quality urban infrastructure to satisfy daily demands. The urban water supply network is one of the most basic urban infrastructures, and its optimal design and service are essential during the planning period. Therefore, ...
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Improving the lifestyle of city residents is conditional on benefiting from high-quality urban infrastructure to satisfy daily demands. The urban water supply network is one of the most basic urban infrastructures, and its optimal design and service are essential during the planning period. Therefore, it is important to determine the actual amount of consumption and predict it for the future. For this purpose, in this research, a method based on artificial intelligence, i.e., genetic programming (GP), as well as Pearson's correlation coefficient data mining method, is proposed. The data mining method is applied here for the database, including daily data on temperature, precipitation, humidity, and the amount of daily water produced in Najafabad city (presenting the total water consumption) from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2018, and the best set of input data vectors is selected. The selected data are used as input data vectors for the proposed. The obtained results are compared with the results of models based on artificial neural network (ANN). To investigate the performance of the models, R², RMSE, and NSE statistical indices are calculated. A comparison of the results indicates the acceptable performance of the proposed models based on the GP. In other words, the values of RMSE, NSE, R², and MAPE statistical indices for training data in the best GP model are equal to 3262.59 MCM, 0.80, 0.80, and 5.38%, respectively, and for test data equal to 3507.68 MCM, 0.78, 0.78, and 6.67%.
Water, Ecosystem and Environment
A. Safdari Molan; A. Mardaneh
Abstract
Statistics show that the occurrence of severe and long-term droughts, especially in sensitive and fragile areas of the country has caused severe economic and social losses, and the occurrence of drought, increased dust, storms, and desertification has caused a decrease in agricultural production. Extensive ...
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Statistics show that the occurrence of severe and long-term droughts, especially in sensitive and fragile areas of the country has caused severe economic and social losses, and the occurrence of drought, increased dust, storms, and desertification has caused a decrease in agricultural production. Extensive and dynamic monitoring of dryness by traditional methods is very difficult and costly due to the lack of soil moisture display points. Remote sensing technology is a practical and applied method for large-scale land monitoring. In this study, we tried to identify the drought in the Siah Kooh watershed area with TVDI dryness-temperature indices and the NDVI index resulting from MODIS sensor images and to investigate the relationship between drought and atmospheric elements in the region. The results of correlation as a total showed that the correlation values of TVDI index SPI6 and SPI12 are 0.68 and 0.71, respectively, and the correlation rates of NDVI values with SPI6 and SPI12 are 0.49 and 0.51, respectively. As a result, it can be said that the TVDI index, due to the use of thermal and reflective bands and soil moisture, is more accurate than the NDVI index, which considers only the amount of vegetation in the region. The TVDI index had an inverse correlation with the average of two months of rainfall of 0.54 and a direct correlation of 0.64 with the surface temperature of the earth. In contrast, the NDVI vegetation index with a two-month average rainfall has a direct correlation of 0.54 and an inverse correlation of 0.6 with the temperature. These linkages show that the correlation between vegetation and temperature is inverse (negative) and the correlation between vegetation and rainfall is direct (positive).
Water Transfer & Hydraulic Structures
A. Taheri Aghdam; F. Salmasi; A. Hosseinzade Dalir; A. Abbaspour
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of where jets hit downstream of dams helps designers a lot in locating plunging pools. The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally and numerically the trajectory of pressurized jets through the gates and to determine their location downstream of the dam. Ansys - Fluent ...
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Accurate knowledge of where jets hit downstream of dams helps designers a lot in locating plunging pools. The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally and numerically the trajectory of pressurized jets through the gates and to determine their location downstream of the dam. Ansys - Fluent software was used for numerical simulation. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental values and the values extracted from the jet projectile equations for predicting the path of the pressurized jets, and this discrepancy may be due to the effect of air resistance on flow. The existing jet trajectory equations don’t consider air resistance. To minimize this difference, the projectile equation was modified. Also, the effect of changing the diameter of the dam gate and the discharge on the point of impact of the pressurized jet on the ground surface was examined. By increasing the diameter of the dam outlet at a constant discharge, the location of impact of the impinging jet to the ground from the dam toe decreases, and with increasing discharge at a constant diameter of outlet, the place of impact of the pressurized jet to the ground from the toe of the dam increases. In addition, the numerical simulation results showed that the dynamic pressure as well as the velocity at the point of impingement of the jets on the river bed have the maximum value that should be considered in designs. The dynamic pressure as well as the velocity of the jet coming out of the gate hit the ground with an average increase of 145% and 242% relative to the end edge of the gate, respectively. In addition, the breaking length of the pressurized jet was investigated in this study, and it was found that the breaking length of the pressurized jet increases with the increase in the initial velocity of the water jet.
Water Transfer & Hydraulic Structures
A. Taheri; A. Khashei Siuki; M. Pourreza Bilandi; S. R. Hashemi
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the expansion of cities as well as the increase in the urban population, the lack of drinking water of good quality is always one of the most important issues for the country's water and sewage authorities, especially the people. Delivering water for consumption is one of the important ...
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Nowadays, due to the expansion of cities as well as the increase in the urban population, the lack of drinking water of good quality is always one of the most important issues for the country's water and sewage authorities, especially the people. Delivering water for consumption is one of the important activities of water transmission lines. In this context, optimizing the route of transmission lines is important. In this research, the plan to transfer water from the balance tank near Khoshab's agricultural and industrial lands and Roza Dam in Madhim City to the cities of Tabas Messina, Asadiyeh, and Gazik, has been obtained as the optimal route in terms of technical and engineering, economic and passive defense, and environment. In this regard, the required information maps, such as topography, land use, rivers and roads, infrastructure, faults, geology, and population centers, were prepared in the form of raster maps in the GIS environment to obtain a cost map. Then, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), these maps were weighted and integrated, and the cost map was obtained. Finally, from the cost map, five routes were determined as the best routes, and to optimize hydraulically, these routes were entered into the EPANET software. The hydraulic design of the routes was done in this software by linking it with the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm. Two technical and economic objective functions of Pareto curves for these routes were obtained in a MATLAB environment. By analyzing these curves, route 2 out of these 5 routes has a more appropriate drop and cost and has been obtained as the optimal route for this water transfer, and this route has a length of 112 km.
Water Quality, Recycling and Wastewater
S. Goudarzian; M. Soleimani Babarsad; E. Derikund; M., H. Pourmohammadi; H. Ghorbanzadeh Kharazi
Abstract
Antibiotics enter the environment, mainly aquatic environments, through the effluents of pharmaceutical industries, antibiotic factories, hospitals, human and animal sewage. Toxicity (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and damage to the body's DNA), biodegradability, and drug resistance in antibiotics have ...
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Antibiotics enter the environment, mainly aquatic environments, through the effluents of pharmaceutical industries, antibiotic factories, hospitals, human and animal sewage. Toxicity (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and damage to the body's DNA), biodegradability, and drug resistance in antibiotics have caused these compounds to be called semi-persistent pollutants in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of ultrasonic waves in reducing the antibiotic amoxiclav in aqueous solutions. The discharge and flow velocity parameters have been neglected due to their insignificance. The investigated variables included contact time, amoxiclav concentration, and pH. Antibiotics were based on concentrations of 2 and 6 mg/L of Amoxiclav, retention time (30, 45, 60) minutes, and pH values (3, 7, 9) in an ultrasonic device with a volume of 10 liters and internal dimensions (20*30*50), and the frequency was set to 95. Then the remaining concentration in the samples was measured by HPLC. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis with SPSS software. As the retention time increases, the initial concentration of the antibiotic decreases, but on the contrary, as the initial concentration increases, the removal of the antibiotic decreases. The highest concentration reduction of amoxiclav in concentration 2 (mg/L) is about 50% in the retention time of 60 minutes and pH = 3, but in concentration of 6 (mg/L), the highest concentration reduction is in the same retention time and pH of about 47%. The advantages of ultrasonication are easy application, acceleration of chemical and biological processes, no production of secondary pollutants, reduction of suspended and soluble substances in water, and an effective and cheap method to remove the antibiotic Amoxiclav.
Water Management and Economy
M. Sshafaei
Volume 10, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 136-141
Risk, Sustainability and Resilience
k. Emami
Volume 10, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 142-149
