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کاربرد باکتریوفاژها به‌عنوان عوامل زیستی در تصفیه آب و فاضلاب: یک مطالعه مروری

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 گروه شیلات، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 کارشناس محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.

چکیده
آلودگی میکروبی آب و ظهور فزاینده باکتری‌های مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک، چالش‌های بی‌سابقه‌ای را برای سلامت عمومی جهانی ایجاد کرده است. روش‌های کنونی تصفیه آب، در کنار مزایای آنها، با محدودیت‌هایی نظیر تولید محصولات جانبی مضر و کاهش کارایی در برابر سویه‌های مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک مواجه هستند. در شرایط هشداردهندهِ افزایش مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی، باکتریوفاژها (فاژها) به عنوان خط دفاعی قدرتمند و جایگزینی حیاتی عمل می‌کنند. باکتریوفاژها ویروس‌هایی هستند که دارای یک هسته پروتئینی با یک اسید نوکلئیک به نام کپسید و یک دُم نازک با الیاف هستند. پروتئین‌های فاژ به گیرنده‌های خاصی روی سطح باکتری‌های هدف متصل می‌شوند. برخی از فاژها طیف میزبانی وسیعی دارند و می‌توانند گیرنده‌های متعددی را روی گونه‌ها و جنس‌های مختلف باکتریایی تشخیص دهند. این مطالعه مروری، پتانسیل باکتریوفاژها به عنوان جایگزینی برای آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها و تکمیل‌کننده‌ای برای روش‌های سنتی تصفیه آب را بررسی می‌کند. گردآوری و تحلیل تحقیقات 15 سال اخیر از پایگاه‌های علمی معتبر و با به‌کارگیری یک روش نظام‌مند انجام شد. داده‌های استخراج‌شده بر اساس کاربردهای باکتریوفاژها در تصفیه فاضلاب، دسته‌بندی و تحلیل شدند. بر طبق یافته­های به­دست آمده، مزایای کلیدی فاژها شامل انحصاریافتگی بالا (هدف‌گیری دقیق پاتوژن‌ها بدون آسیب به فلور مفید)، قابلیت خودتکثیری در حضور میزبان، توانایی از بین بردن بیوفیلم‌ها و اثرگذاری بر باکتری‌های مقاوم به آنتی‌بیوتیک است که آن‌ها را به ابزاری قدرتمند در مبارزه با بحران مقاومت میکروبی تبدیل می‌کند. جمع‌بندی این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که علی­رغم موانع موجود، گذار از روش‌های صرفاً شیمیایی به سمت «فاژدرمانی» در تصفیه آب، نه تنها یک امکان، بلکه یک ضرورت فزاینده برای تأمین آب ایمن در عصر مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی است. پیشرفت‌های آتی در مهندسی فاژها و توسعه کوکتل‌های هوشمند، عملیاتی‌سازی این راهبرد را در مقیاس صنعتی تسهیل خواهد کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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دوره 12، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 38
نوآوری و فناوری در مدیریت آب
زمستان 1404
صفحه 24-46

  • تاریخ دریافت 26 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 07 دی 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 23 دی 1404